System and method for optimizing the broker selection process to minimize total execution cost of securities trades

ABSTRACT

An embodiment of the present invention provides a system and method for minimizing the total expected execution cost of securities trades through a real-time analysis and optimization process incorporating: (1) the currently offered share price and liquidity in the securities markets; (2) execution costs as input in real-time by executing brokers; (3) expected price improvement based on current and recent trading data; (4) time required to execute an order by an executing broker; and (5) the current rate of change in the share price of a security during the time required to execute the transaction. Based on these factors, the invention ranks, in dollars and cents per shares, brokers from lowest to highest expected total execution cost. The initiating party to the securities transaction can route the order(s) to the executing brokers with the lowest expected total execution costs to minimize the total execution cost.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/945,196 filed Jun. 20, 2007, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/783,690 of Allan T. Chiulli et al., entitled “System And Method For Facilitating Unified Trading And Control For A Sponsoring Organization's Money Management Process,” filed Apr. 11, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/791,209, filed Apr. 12, 2006, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/899,393, filed Feb. 5, 2007, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to securities trading and to the management and trading of investment portfolios and, in particular, to a system, method, process, software and standards for facilitating a sponsoring organization's unified trading and control of a money management process.

The present invention also relates to a system (e.g., a hosted application), method (organization of activity), process (division of responsibilities), software (computer based systems), and standards (systems, connectivity and protocols) supporting a real-time process inclusive of computer interfaces, order entry, compliance analysis, market impact analysis, order routing discretion, execution cost and quality analysis, trade processing, communications engines, communications networks, and communications protocols that facilitate centralized portfolio management, directed brokerage control, and direct and automated compliance monitoring, and creates substantial and recurring savings for shareholders in mutual funds and beneficiaries in institutional investment accounts such as pension plans. This system (referred to as the unified trading and control system), method, process, software, and standards are applicable to registered mutual funds, non-registered mutual funds, and institutional investment portfolios and could be, for example, utilized by: (1) insurance companies with single or multi-manager sub advised variable insurance, mutual fund, and defined contribution portfolios; (2) mutual fund companies utilizing sub advisors for managing their mutual fund offerings, education funding, and defined contribution portfolios; (3) defined benefit plan pension funds, trusts, and endowments that utilize externally managed or unaffiliated money management services; (4) large company investment portfolios and separate accounts of insurance companies that utilize outsourced or unaffiliated money management services for their institutional investment accounts; and (5) non-registered mutual funds such as hedge funds, group annuities, and collective investment funds that utilize outsourced or unaffiliated money management services.

More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for minimizing the expected total execution cost of securities trades through a real-time analysis and optimization process incorporating: (1) the currently offered share price and number of shares available (liquidity) in the securities markets; (2) execution costs as input in real-time by executing brokers; (3) expected price improvement based on current and recent trading data; (4) time required to execute an order by an executing broker (time to execute); and (5) the current rate of change in the share price of a security during the time required to execute the transaction.

DEFINITIONS

For purposes of describing the present invention, FIG. 1 lists components of the present invention and compares the corresponding terminology used in the investment products within the registered mutual fund, unregistered mutual fund, and institutional investment portfolio markets. FIG. 1 shows that similar structures and responsibilities in various product categories have different names.

As used herein, the terms “advisor” and “board of trustees” in the context of registered and non registered mutual funds can be considered the equivalent of the “administrator” and “board of trustees” in the context of pension plan, endowment, or trust investment portfolios; the term “sub advisor” in the context of registered and non registered mutual funds can be considered the equivalent of a “money manager” or “externally managed” in the context of pension plan, endowment, or trust investment portfolios; and the term “sub account” in the context of a variable insurance product can be considered equivalent to a “mutual fund” in a defined contribution plan (such as a 401 (k) product) and a pension plan's “account” with a money manager. In addition, the retail investors (for example, the individual persons whose personal accounts aggregate and are comingled into the assets comprising a fund's investment portfolio) are referred to as “shareholders” in registered and unregistered mutual funds and as “beneficiaries” in institutional accounts, pension plans, etc. It is important to note that the advisor or administrator and associated board of trustees (boards) have a fiduciary responsibility to the shareholders and beneficiaries to properly control (minimize) fund and plan operating expenses, as these expenses reduce the returns (performance) of the investment portfolios to these same fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries. The use herein of any of these terms, as shown in FIG. 1, implies a similar underlying method and process applicable across registered mutual funds, unregistered mutual funds, and institutional investment portfolios.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

“Sub advised” assets utilize asset management services from asset managers (also referred to as “sub advisors” or “money managers”) that are external or unaffiliated with the organization that is responsible for sponsoring the investment product, such as an insurance company, pension plan, or other financial institution. Many large and small financial institutions outsource, in part or whole, the responsibility of managing money for their investment portfolios to outside organizations in order to capitalize on the expertise of the asset management organizations and to enable the financial institutions to focus on their core competencies. The approximate assets in the investment industry by various markets, along with their sub advised assets, are summarized in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Investment Industry Assets Sub Advised/ Total Externally Industry Date Assets Managed Source Variable December 2005 $1.3 TR $360 BB NAVA, Insurance FRC Mutual Funds December 2005 $10.1 TR  $865 BB ICI, FRC Pension Plans December 2006 $4.7 TR  $3.6 TR P&I

As an illustration, insurance companies offering variable annuity products usually provide between thirty and sixty investment options (“Sub accounts” or “funds”) to retail investors for purposes of implementing an investor's asset allocation strategy. These investment options are similar to mutual funds in legal structure and operations and are required by the SEC to register as mutual funds. An insurance company (functioning as the “advisor”) usually contracts with a number of mutual fund companies or institutional asset management firms to provide asset management services as a “sub advisor” (or asset manager or money manager) for these mutual fund-type investment options (called “sub accounts” in variable insurance products). A single mutual fund company or institutional asset management firm may sub advise (manage) between one and five of the thirty to sixty investment options available to retail investors in a single variable insurance product (such as a variable annuity).

The sub advisor is paid according to an annual fee schedule based on assets in the fund or investment portfolio. The sub advisor is paid to manage the assets (determine which securities to hold in the fund or portfolio and make related buy and sell trading decisions), but is not required to provide client service and administrative functions such as opening and closing client accounts, processing contributions and withdrawals on behalf of clients, processing movement of funds between sub accounts (as an investor buys and sells funds within the annuity product), handling calls and special service requests from clients, maintaining client addresses, providing tax reporting to clients, and printing and mailing client statements. Thus, in a sub advisory relationship, the client service and administrative functions (including extensive back office system processing required to support these functions) are provided through the sponsoring organization (advisor) for the investment product, such as an insurance company, pension plan, or other financial institution (and not the sub advisor). A sub advisor's fee for managing the fund or account may vary with the type of assets, the selected investment strategy, and the size of the investment portfolio, but an annual fee of 0.50% (fifty basis points or one-half of one percent) on assets is fairly common.

The trading of stocks and bonds by sub advisors in a sub advised find or investment account is a complex process. The sub advisor (mutual fund company and/or money management firm) not only controls the selection of the stocks and bonds to buy and sell, but also controls where and how each trade is executed (within regulatory requirements). Thus, the sub advisor utilizes “step out trades,” whereby the sub advisor (mutual fund company) executes the trades by directing them to their preferred trade execution brokers, who then “steps away” from any clearing and settlement responsibility for these trades. Clearing and settlement of these trades, in turn, become the responsibility of the custody firm (such as State Street, Mellon/BONY/Pershing, or Schwab) selected by the insurance company, pension plan, etc. to custody (hold) securities and cash for benefit of the fund or plan. Likewise, pension funds, certain mutual fund companies, hedge funds and other such entities and/or products as shown in FIG. 1 may also utilize a money management structure and trading process similar to a variable insurance product's sub advised structure.

When trading securities, as a general process, asset managers (money managers) often incur additional trading costs that are over and above the cost of the trade alone. For example, referring to FIG. 2, asset managers 201 (such as mutual fund companies or institutional asset management firms) usually maintain a network of approximately twenty-five executing brokers 202 (including broker-dealers (such as Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, or UBS Paine Webber), market makers (such as Knight Capital or Schwab Capital Markets), exchanges (such as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ), electronic communication networks (ECNs) (such as INET or TRAC), direct market access (DMA) vendors (such as Lava Trading, Sonic or UNX), and block trading systems (such as LiquidNet or Premier)).

Executing brokers 202 are often selected for the additional services (beyond executing the trade) that they can provide to the asset manager 201 (mutual fund company or institutional asset manager). The cost of these additional goods and services from executing brokers 202 (such as company and market research, market data feeds, trade analytics, and software) is added over and above the trade's cost of execution and results in a higher trade cost than what would otherwise be incurred by the fund or investment portfolio. Thus, a trade may have an execution cost of $0.01 (one cent) per share and have an additional $0.025 cents (two and one-half cents) per share added to result in a total execution cost of $0.035 (three and one-half cents) per share. Since many asset managers trade billions of shares per year, these additional few cents per share in trade costs cumulatively create a substantial pool of revenue for the asset manager. The costs for these additional services utilized by the asset managers 201 (referred to as “soft dollars”) are paid for by the shareholders or beneficiaries through lower returns (lower performance) of their funds or accounts. This utilization of “soft dollars,” as illustrated in FIG. 2, is not only a long-standing industry practice, but these additional trading costs are not included, for example, in the operating expenses of a mutual fund (such as a quoted 1.10% annual operating expense) that are disclosed in the fund prospectus. As such, a fund's trades are often directed to executing brokers 202 as to maximize the benefits received by the mutual fund company or institutional asset manager 201.

An exemplary process 200 for trading by asset management firms, which generates “soft dollars,” is shown in FIG. 2 and described below in the following steps corresponding to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals shown in FIG. 2:

211) Asset management firm (or money manager or sub advisor) 201 contracts with executing broker 202 for research.

212) The executing broker 202 sends the research to the asset management 201.

213) The executing broker 202 presents the invoice to the asset management firm 201 for confirmation.

214) The asset management firm 201 records the invoice into a soft dollar administration system 203.

215) The asset management firm 201, through the soft dollar administration system 203, derives the trade obligations for paying the invoice.

216) The asset management firm 201 directs trades to the executing broker 202 to generate sufficient commission volume to offset the costs associated with the confirmed invoice.

217) The executing broker 202 reports the trade executions and associated trading costs back to the asset management firm 201.

218) The asset management firm 201 updates the soft dollar administration system 203.

219) The executing broker 202 confirms payment of the invoice to the asset management firm's soft dollar administration system 203.

The practice of adding to the cost of trading of securities to create “soft dollars” is also a common practice in sub advisory relationships, where money managers (asset managers) are hired (and paid an annual fee) to manage pools of assets that belong to external or unaffiliated products or organizations. Furthermore, the sub advisory contracts with the sponsoring organization usually contain a clause that eliminates any requirement that “soft dollar” costs incurred by a specific fund (and its shareholders or beneficiaries) benefit the fund or account paying the additional “soft dollar” costs for their trades. As such, a sub advised fund or account can pay additional costs for services that do not even benefit the shareholders or beneficiaries paying the additional “soft dollar” expense.

In fact, most shareholders in mutual funds are not aware that a fund's trading costs are in addition to the fund's annual operating expense (as disclosed in the prospectus) and, as such, serve to lower the performance (return) of their funds. These same fund shareholders are also usually not aware that the mutual fund companies and institutional asset managers are using the additional “soft dollar” costs for trades in their mutual funds as a vaguely disclosed and unaccountable pool of cash to offset the money manager's operating expenses in order to increase their corporate profits.

Overall, the current process utilized by sub advisors to direct trades in order to generate “soft dollar” revenue is overly complex, expensive to shareholders and beneficiaries, and requires that the sponsoring organization (such as the insurance company) surrender control over order execution cost, the selection of executing brokers, and pre-trade compliance with regulatory requirements, even though the insurance company (as the sponsoring organization) retains primary regulatory (SEC) responsibility for the funds (as the advisor for regulatory purposes) whose assets are being traded. In essence, the insurance company responsible for regulatory compliance is notified of the trades only after their execution, usually well after the close of the trading day. Pension plans and other entities utilizing sub advised portfolio management, in a manner similar to the insurance companies, employ a similar structure and experience similar challenges.

FIG. 3 illustrates a current process 300 for trading by sub advisors 301 (e.g., money managers) in a sponsoring organization's 304 (e.g., insurance company) investment portfolios (sub accounts). Typically, the complex process shown in FIG. 3 occurs for each trade (usually ten to twenty trades per day per fund) in each of the thirty to sixty investment portfolios (sub accounts) offered by a sponsoring organization (such as a variable annuity product).

The process 300 in FIG. 3 works in the following steps corresponding to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals shown in FIG. 3:

310) The sub advisors 301 direct orders (trades) to their preferred network of executing brokers 302 (shown as “Bs”) as a single buy or sell order or may break up an order into smaller orders for execution among several brokers. The motivation to break orders up among several brokers can be driven by a sub advisor's desire to remain anonymous in the market (as no single broker can discern the sub advisor's overall investment strategy), the specific strengths of each executing broker, and/or the desire to use the fund assets to generate soft dollars.

311) The executing broker(s) 302 execute (fill) the orders and the sub advisor 301 is notified electronically that the trade has been executed along with the price per share. The data for each trade, such as number of shares, price per share, total value, execution costs, and contra broker, is transmitted through a number of electronic data repositories.

312) The executing broker(s) 302 also report the trade fill data to a number of industry organizations and this data is transmitted to the custodial firm 303 for the sponsoring organization's 304 assets.

313) After the close of trading, the custodial firm 303 for the sponsoring organization's 304 assets sends a file of the day's activity and holdings for each fund and investment portfolio to the sponsoring organization 304.

314) In their overnight processing cycle 305, the sponsoring organization 304 reconciles all activity and holdings for updating account values and in preparation for the next day's trading activity.

These trades are usually executed at an average cost 3.00 cents to 3.50 cents per share. The back office system, through the overnight batch processing cycle, will reconcile the trades, calculate updated portfolio account values or fund NAVs (Net Asset Values), and subsequently update the holdings and values for each client investing in their products. An insurance company (as advisor for regulatory purposes) may implement some form of compliance review during the reconciliation process. Most importantly, the sponsoring organization 304 has little, if any, control over the sub advisor's 301 choice of executing broker 202 and the associated additional costs incurred by their funds or accounts through the use of soft dollars. Likewise, the sponsoring organization 304 has no opportunity to review the trades for compliance with prospectus and regulatory requirements until hours after the close of the market or the next day (when trade issues and errors are more expensive to address and correct). Overall, the current process was established decades ago when the sub advised industry was in its infancy and, despite its impressive current assets, has never been restructured to recognize that the true beneficiaries of this entire process should be the fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries whose hard earned dollars constitute the assets in these investment portfolios.

Within the context of the exemplary trading processes described above, the trading of securities operates in such a fashion as to obtain the lowest available share price for a buyer of a security while simultaneously working to obtain the highest available share price for a seller of a security. This process is referred to as obtaining “best execution” (or “best ex”) for each participant in the transaction. As such, the transaction cost to each participant is: (1) the share price multiplied by the number of shares; and (2) the execution cost (usually cents per share but occasionally basis points on the principal amount of the transaction) multiplied by the number of shares.

Within the context of these securities transactions, there remains a need for optimizing the execution process to achieve the lowest total execution cost for the participants in the transactions.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention provides a system (e.g., referred to as the unified trading and control system), method, process, software, and standards that simplify the sub advisor (money manager) trading process, increase control over the trading process by a sponsoring organization, and substantially lower trading costs on a recurring basis for the shareholders and beneficiaries investing in the funds and investment portfolios. In particular, the present invention provides a superior trading and control method for the sub advised industry. The system, method, process, software, and standards of the present invention address a number of existing shortcomings in the current trading and operational processes in the sub advised industry, resulting in substantially lower trading expenses on a recurring basis, improved performance, a more simplified operational model, and superior compliance oversight. The benefit of these lower trading expenses, by regulatory requirement, must pass directly to the fund shareholders (retail investors) in these funds and plan beneficiaries in the form of lower trading expenses. The lower trading expenses result in improved investment performance for the funds and plans, thereby attracting additional investments for the sponsoring organization. Further embodiments of the invention provide similar systems, methods, processes, software, and standards for the defined contribution market, 529 plans, hedge funds, collective investments, deferred compensation plans, institutional accounts, separate accounts of insurance companies, defined benefit pension plans, endowments and trusts.

A further embodiment of the present invention conducts a real-time analysis of multiple market-based factors in such a manner as to optimize the execution process in order to achieve the lowest total execution cost for the participants in a securities transaction. This optimization process, through the inclusion of multiple factors in addition to share price (“Best Ex”), results in a significant savings to participants as important factors are analyzed in real-time in order to create an optimized list of executing brokers (including the exchanges, ECNs and alternative trading systems (ATS)) that provide the lowest expected total execution cost for a transaction.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a system (e.g., a hosted application) and method (organization of activity) for creating a customizable, computerized, real-time analysis and optimization process providing for and facilitating the selection of executing brokers for a securities transaction to provide the lowest expected total execution cost for that transaction, inclusive of: (1) the share price and liquidity (number of shares at a quoted share price from an executing broker) for a security; (2) the execution costs as specified by executing brokers through a real-time process of setting and adjusting execution costs according to the business needs of the executing broker; (3) the real-time analysis of price improvement in recent trades in a security or group of securities (as determined over a selected time period, number of trades, number of shares traded, type of orders or other similar such parameters); (4) time required to execute an order by an executing broker (time to execute); and (5) the current rate of change in the share price of a security during the time required to execute the transaction.

The expected total execution cost is the sum of all of these factors (share price, execution cost, price improvement, time to execute, and rate of change in the price of a security), converted into a single dollar and cents number (or in another desired currency) for purposes of comparing a single executing broker with one or a plurality of executing brokers and ranking the plurality of executing brokers from lowest to highest expected total execution costs. The initiating party to the securities transaction is thus able to select the executing broker(s) providing the lowest expected total execution cost and to generate cost savings over other alternative avenues for executing the transaction.

As such, the system and method of the present invention enable a party initiating a securities transaction (the initiating party) to scan the market for price quotes and the associated executing brokers quoting liquidity (a number of shares) for the transaction and, based on the customizable factors selected by that party, to quickly conduct an analysis and optimization process that determines the “hot hitters” among a plurality of executing brokers in terms of creating the lowest expected total execution cost with respect to: (1) share price; (2) execution cost; (3) expected price improvement (the difference between actual share price of the security transaction relative to the currently quoted bid and offer (ask)); (4) time required to execute an order by an executing broker; and (5) the current rate of change in the share price of a security during the time required to execute the transaction.

Overall, the system of present invention provides an ongoing optimization process that has the potential to generate savings for the initiating party on each securities transaction it engages in and, as such, the system of the present invention has the potential to generate significant and recurring cost savings when employed by a single or plurality of actively traded investment portfolios.

A further embodiment of the present invention provides the optimization process in forms of trading other than the above described equity process using shares in equities as the unit of trading. For example, the system of the present invention could also be used across multiple forms of trading such as fixed income, options, futures, currency, commodities, derivatives, and other such instruments that utilize a standard category of unit (such as shares, units, bonds, contracts, etc.) on an exchange for purposes of implementing an automated and efficient trading process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a table that defines the terminology utilized in a number of investment industry products across numerous markets in registered mutual funds, non-registered mutual funds, and institutional investment portfolios.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a prior art process for trading by asset management firms (or money managers or sub advisors) that generates “soft dollars.”

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a conventional process for trading by asset managers in sub advised investment portfolios.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary process for facilitating a sponsoring organization's money management process as the sponsoring organization receives trade orders from the sub advisor and selects the executing brokers, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary system and method for facilitating a sponsoring organization's money management process utilizing a standard trading system, messaging engine, communications protocol, and communications network, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative exemplary system and method for facilitating a sponsoring organization's money management process utilizing a standard messaging engine, communications protocol, and communications network, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary order entry system and process, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C illustrate exemplary logical rules in terms of regulatory, prospectus, and board restrictions, and requirements for a real-time compliance engine, as implemented by an operating fund trust.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating the number and types of restrictions for a plurality of investment portfolios along with an exemplary computer process for implementing a compliance engine for an investment portfolio, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary order management system (OMS), according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary high touch-low touch engine (HLE) system and process, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary price-cost-liquidity-quality engine, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12B is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) for a security, along with an exemplary Midpoint Between Bid and Offer (MBBO) and an exemplary price improvement.

FIG. 12C is a set of tables that illustrate exemplary market parameters and resulting execution costs for a securities transaction with a single stock price.

FIG. 12D is a set of tables that illustrate the selection of executing brokers, the associated execution costs, and the resulting cost savings for three different methods for selecting executing brokers, including an embodiment of the present invention, for a securities transaction occurring at a single stock price.

FIG. 12E is a set of tables that illustrate exemplary market parameters and resulting execution costs for a securities transaction with multiple stock prices.

FIG. 12F is a set of tables that illustrate the selection of executing brokers, the associated execution costs, and the resulting cost savings for three different methods for selecting executing brokers, including an embodiment of the present invention, for a securities transaction occurring at multiple stock prices.

FIGS. 12G(i) and 12G(ii) are a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of an exemplary system and method of the present invention creating a customizable, computerized, real-time analysis and optimization process providing for and facilitating the selection of executing brokers for a securities transaction in such manner as to determine the executing brokers providing the lowest expected total execution cost for that transaction, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary component modules of a trade reconciliation system, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a table that compares and contrasts the responsibilities of the sub advisor according to the prior art and according to an embodiment of the system of the present invention along with a comparison of the overall impact of the present invention, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a list of exemplary sponsoring organizations offering variable insurance products.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are a list of exemplary money management firms (mutual fund companies) that currently provide or potentially could provide sub advisory services to sponsoring organizations through registered mutual funds, unregistered mutual funds, and institutional investment accounts.

FIG. 17 is a list of exemplary firms providing order management systems (OMS).

FIGS. 18 A and 18B are a list of many exemplary executing broker firms providing trade execution services.

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention in which a plurality of sponsoring organizations and a plurality of sub advisors (money managers) utilize a plurality of order management systems (OMSs) to execute orders with a plurality of executing brokers.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention in which a sub advisor utilizes a plurality of manager order management systems to execute orders for a plurality of fends or investment portfolios with a plurality of executing brokers.

FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention in which a plurality of sponsoring organizations and a plurality of sub advisors (money managers) use a standard order management system, communications engine, communications protocol, and communications network to execute orders with a plurality of executing brokers.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating a use case analysis of an exemplary implementation of a system, method, process, software, and standards for facilitating the unified trading and control of a sponsoring organization's money management process, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a table providing a compilation of research demonstrating exemplary savings available to fund trusts (groups of funds) showing the name of the fund trust, the total assets of the fund trust, the current execution costs for trading (in cents per share), the annual turnover rate for the trust, the effective (total) turnover rate for the trust, and the number of shares traded in 2005 by the trust. FIG. 23 also shows the exemplary annual savings in millions of dollars and basis points (b.p.) of annual savings realized by the fund trust at execution costs of 1.00 cent per share. The data for this table was compiled from documents filed by each fund trust with the SEC, including the prospectus, annual report, and statement of additional information.

FIGS. 24A, 24B, 24C, and 24D are tables providing a compilation of research calculating exemplary annual savings for four popular fund trusts (group of funds) and the individual funds (with their sub advisor) comprising the trust, showing the annual cost savings (at an execution cost of 1.00 cent per share) both in dollars and percentages. FIGS. 24A-24D also show an exemplary beneficial effect of the annual compounding of these recurring savings for a 1, 3, 5, and 10 year period.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention provides a unified trading and control system. FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary sub advisor (money manager) trading process 400 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The following numbered steps correspond to the arrows and their associated reference numerals shown in FIG. 4.

410) The sub advisor 301 (or money manager) for each investment portfolio provides the changes (buy and sell orders) in the sub advised fund or investment portfolio to the sponsoring organization 304 (acting as the advisor or administrator) as to the sub advisor's decisions regarding, for example: (1) employing the daily net cash contribution or withdrawal (a decision usually made prior to the opening of trading); (2) changing the percentage, share, or dollar allocations of each security in the investment portfolio (decisions that can occur at the beginning of and throughout the day); (3) changing how the current model (the percentage allocation by security totaling to 100%) compares to the target model; and (4) other money management and trading decisions.

Once these decisions (and the resulting orders) are determined by the sub advisor or money manager 301, the sub advisor calculates the resulting number of shares to buy or sell for each security and communicates the desired orders to the sponsoring organization 304. (As needed, selected orders could be executed or “worked” by the sub advisor 301 according to criteria agreed to by the sponsoring organization and sub advisor.)

411) The sponsoring organization 304 maintains (separate and apart from the sub advisors 301) its own group of relationships with executing brokers 302. The sponsoring organization routes the orders to executing broker(s) 302 of their own choice for execution, thereby enabling the sponsoring organization 304 to seek out and utilize the lowest cost source of execution, and thereby completely eliminate the “soft dollar” charges (and the resulting additional expense to the fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries) incurred when the sub advisor is directing the trades. Through an embodiment of the present invention, the sponsoring organization 304 is able to select executing brokers 302 providing the lowest possible execution cost (which presently could be one cent or less per share) consistent with regulatory requirements for Best Execution (best share price), thereby generating additional savings for the fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries and improving fund performance.

413) The executing brokers 302 report the trade fills back to the sponsoring organization 304.

414) The sponsoring organization reports the trade fills back to the sub advisor 301.

The sponsoring organization 304 also has, in an embodiment of the present invention, the option of implementing a pre-trade compliance review and an immediate post execution review to ensure the trade is compliant with prospectus, SEC, and board requirements. If the trade is not compliant with these regulatory requirements, the sponsoring organization 304 (as advisor for regulatory purposes) is able to prevent the order from being executed or immediately address any violations following execution (rather than waiting until the next day as in the prior art).

FIG. 4 illustrates the areas of operational responsibility according to an embodiment of the present invention, as summarized in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Areas of Operational Responsibility Sub Advisors 301 Create Buy and Sell Orders Execute or “Work” Orders per Agreed Criteria Sponsoring Maintain Network of Executing Brokers Organizations 304 Select Executing Brokers for Orders Seek Lowest Cost Execution Maintain Order Routing Table Eliminate “Soft Dollars” from Trade Costs Pass Savings Through to Shareholders or Beneficiaries Single and Comprehensive Compliance System and Methodology for all Sub Advisors to Utilize for Trading Pre and Post Trade Compliance Review Option Executing Brokers 302 Execute Trades at Lowest Possible Cost Compete: Cost, Coverage, Liquidity, Technology and Service

An embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5 as exemplary process 500, whereby the sponsoring organization utilizes a standard system along with a plurality of other sponsoring organizations to implement a standard method and process that enables the sub advisors and executing brokers, through the creation of a single operational structure with one sponsoring organization, to easily and rapidly duplicate that same operating structure with a plurality of sponsoring organizations across multiple industries. This standardization eliminates the extraordinary potential for unmanageable complexity created for sub advisors and executing brokers as a multiplicity of sponsoring organization select and implement their own individual method and process utilizing a wide variety of vendors, systems, procedures, communications engines, communications protocols, and communications networks.

FIG. 5 illustrates the exemplary process 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The process 500 works in the following steps corresponding to the arrows and their associated reference numerals shown in FIG. 5.

510) A plurality of sub advisors 301 direct orders to the sponsoring organization 304 through the communications network 502.

511) The sponsoring organization's order management system 503 receives a plurality of orders from the sub advisor.

512) The sponsoring organization's order management system 503 utilizes a communications engine 504 that incorporates a communications protocol 505 that translates each order into a usable format.

513) Each order is directed to the compliance engine 506 that reviews the order with respect to prospectus, board, and SEC regulations and requirements.

514) If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the order is routed to the sub advisor 301 for further evaluation and review.

515) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the order is routed to the order management system (OMS) 503, which, utilizing the communications engine 504 and communications protocol 505, translates the order into a format acceptable to the executing brokers 202.

516) The sponsoring organization's order management system 503 routes the order to the executing brokers 202 through the communications network 502.

517) The executing broker 202 receives the order and executes the trade.

518) The executing broker 202 sends the trade fill report to the sponsoring organization 304 and sub advisor 301 through the communications network 502.

519) The sponsoring organization 304 receives the trade fill report.

520) The sub advisor 301 receives the trade fill report.

The standard system 501 for facilitating the sponsoring organization's 304 unified trading and control of their money management process consists of the following components in an integrated format: order management system 503, communications engine 504, communications protocol 505, and communications network 502. An alternative embodiment of the present invention with an alternative standard system 507 consists of the following components in an integrated format: order management system 503, communications engine 504, and communications protocol 505.

An alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 6 as exemplary process 600, whereby the sponsoring organization 304 utilizes a variance on the common standard system with other sponsoring organizations to provide a standard method and process that enables the sub advisors 301 and executing brokers 202, through the creation of a single operational structure with one sponsoring organization, to easily and rapidly duplicate that same operating structure with a plurality of sponsoring organizations across multiple industries. The likelihood of increasing compatibility of systems over time, and increased industry acceptance of the system of the present invention, could potentially ease the standardization requirement and allow these additional options to become feasible. The standard system 601 and 602 comprises the following standard components in an integrated format: communications engine 504, communications protocol 505, and communications network 502. An alternative embodiment of the standard system 601 consists of a communications engine 504 and communications protocol 505. Finally, it is conceivable that, over time, communications integration across the industry evolves to the point where the standard consists solely of a communications protocol 505.

The present invention, in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6, provides a simpler process, lower trade execution costs, and enhanced trade compliance, whereby the sponsoring organization (the advisor with direct regulatory responsibility for the investment portfolios), not the sub advisor or money manager, controls where and how the trades are executed (the order flow) on behalf of their fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries.

I. Exemplary System and Process of the Present Invention

The present invention provides a system, method, process, software, and standards for achieving a desired social utility of creating significant and recurring cost savings (and the resulting improved investment performance) for fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries.

A. System

An exemplary system is based on a number of components and includes an order entry system, compliance engine, order management system, a high touch-low touch engine, a price-liquidity-cost-quality engine, trade reconciliation system, communications engines, communications protocols, and communications networks, as further described below.

1) Order Entry System

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating an order entry system and process 700, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The process 700 works in the following steps corresponding to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals in FIG. 7.

725) The order entry system is a computer-based graphical user interface (GUI) and associated software program(s) that can be customized to fit the preference of the individual portfolio manager and his or her personal style of managing money. (The individual who is the portfolio manager for the investment portfolio is typically an employee of the mutual fund company or institutional asset manager acting as sub advisor.) The order entry GUI 701 displays, among other data, the investment portfolio's total value, cash, and securities along with the number of shares, share price, and dollar value of each position 702. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary order entry GUT 702 providing this exemplary data. The order entry system provides important functionality in two respects:

a) Daily Net Cash: The order entry system provides data on the daily net contribution or withdrawal of cash from the investment portfolio, and enables the portfolio manager to implement decisions such as maintain this cash, sell specific securities to cover any net withdrawal, buy certain securities, buy/sell the current model, buy/sell the target model, or buy/sell as to move the current model closer to the target model.

b) Order Execution Options: The order entry system provides options for the order type for each trade, for example: market, limit, good to closing, and fill or kill. Also, the system can allow a portfolio manager to freeze a security's current shares, that is, exclude the security from any and all future trading.

726) The portfolio manager utilizes the order entry system to implement the buy and sell orders for securities through the creation of a trade ticket 703. The responsibility for entering the buy and sell orders into the order entry system remains with the sub advisor (the portfolio manager or their associated trading desk/operations group) in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary trade ticket 703 accessible through the order entry GUI.

727) As the order is entered by the sub advisor (who hits, e.g. ENTER on the order entry screen), the order entry system calculates the necessary number of shares and dollars for each security to buy or sell. Given that the order is determined at the investment portfolio level, the order entry system does not have nor require access to information at the account level for individual fund shareholders or plan beneficiaries. The record of the order is entered into the trade blotter 704. Thus, for example, when an asset manager increases the allocation by 1% in IBM in a $100 MM investment portfolio, the result is an aggregate buy of $1 MM of IBM. Given a price of $80 per share for IBM, the buy order is 12,500 shares. This process is repeated for each buy and sell order implemented by the portfolio manager.

728) The order is routed to the compliance engine 506.

729) If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the order is routed to the order entry GUI 701 for review and evaluation by the portfolio manager, trade desk and/or compliance officer.

730) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the order is routed to the order management system (OMS) 503,

731) The order management system 503 utilizes the order routing table 705 to direct the order for execution.

732) The order routing table 705 directs the order to, among other venues, a market maker 706, an electronic commerce network (ECN) 707, a direct market access (DMA) vendor 708, or an exchange 709.

733) Once the order is executed, the trade fill report is sent back to the order management system 503.

734) The order entry GUI is updated with the revised positions, number of shares, price per share, values, and cash data. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary screen image of the updated order entry GUI 710.

2) Compliance Engine

The compliance engine is a graphical user interface (GUI) and associated software program(s) linked to a computerized rules-based logic engine that enables each buy or sell order (or combinations of buy and sell orders) to be analyzed in real-time, according to a set of customizable logical rules, such as rules specifying that foreign securities cannot exceed 15% of a portfolio's total value or that the portfolio cannot hold the securities of the sub advisor nor the sponsoring organization. The compliance analysis occurs both prior to and immediately following the execution of each trade (or group of trades) as well as at the close of each trading day for compliance with prospectus, regulatory, and board requirements. Any pending order or group of pending orders that may result in any type of prohibited transaction are held in suspense (and not executed) and tagged with a warning flag, and a violation notice is sent to the compliance group) portfolio manager, and trade/operations group. The order or group of orders in question, subsequent to the review of the violation, may be amended, killed, or approved for execution. Trades (or groups of trades) that are executed are also analyzed to ensure that the resulting metrics of the trades do not violate any requirements for the portfolio. (Post-execution price changes could subsequently trigger a violation not present at the time of execution.) Approved orders are routed to the order management system (OMS) to begin the execution process.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C illustrate exemplary logical rules in terms of regulatory, prospectus, and board restrictions and requirements for a real-time compliance engine, as specified in the disclosure documents of an operating fund trust.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary compliance review process 900, according to an embodiment of the present invention, for implementing a compliance engine for a plurality of investment portfolios. In the instance for this operating fund trust, there are a total of 274 individual restrictions that could apply to all, many, or a single investment portfolio or fund. FIG. 9 shows the actual restrictions by category for five of the fund trust's investment portfolios, with the number of the individual restrictions shown in a breakdown of five categories, ranging from 41 to 63 compliance and regulatory restrictions per investment portfolio.

The exemplary compliance review process 900 works as described in the following steps corresponding to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals as shown in FIG. 9.

925) An order for an investment portfolio 902 is entered into the order management system 503, which records the transaction in the trade blotter.

926) The order management system 503 routes the order to the compliance engine 506 for pre-trade review.

927) The compliance engine 506 matches the order to the restrictions for that particular investment portfolio 903 and conducts an analysis to determine if the order will result in a violation of any applicable restriction. Exemplary restrictions and their frequencies are illustrated in table 901 of FIG. 9.

928) If Violation=Yes 904, the order is not executed and requires a review.

929) The rejected order is then routed into the order evaluation process 905.

930) The reviewed order evaluation process 905 gathers input from at least one of the compliance group 908, portfolio manager 907, and the trading/operations group 906. The order may be killed at this point, revised, or allowed to be executed in its existing form 909.

931) If the order is to be executed, the reviewed order 909 is routed to the order management system 503 for updating the trade blotter and resubmission to the compliance engine 506.

932) If; in step 927, Violation=No 910, the order is routed to the order management system 503.

933) The order management system 503 routes the order for execution 911.

934) The order is executed and the trade fill report is generated.

935) The trade fill report is routed back to the compliance engine 506 for post trade and ongoing compliance review and analysis.

Overall, in an embodiment of the present invention, the sponsoring organization (the advisor with direct regulatory responsibility for the investment portfolios) has the option, which was not available in the prior art, to review all pending orders and prevent violations of prospectus, regulatory, and board requirements prior to the orders being executed. The sponsoring organization, in an embodiment of the present invention, also has the option, which was not available in the prior art, to review all executed trades on a real-time basis to prevent post-execution violations of prospectus, regulatory, or board requirements. Finally, for the first time, the sponsoring organization, as advisor or plan administrator, has the means to place each fund or account and each sub advisor on the sponsoring organization's implementation of a common, centrally operated compliance engine, process and set of restrictions (as opposed to each different sub advisor or money manager performing compliance reviews on as many different systems.) The sponsoring organization, as advisor to the fund or administrator to the pension plan, has a regulatory (SEC) responsibility to ensure compliance of its funds and plan with all regulatory requirements and to certify, in writing, that these investment portfolios do not violate the securities laws. Thus, in contrast to conventional systems, the present invention enables the advisor or administrator to fulfill such responsibilities prior to execution of an order, enables an immediate review of all executed trades, and allows a single standardized compliance review process to be implemented across all sub advisors and the funds or accounts. The present invention therefore empowers the advisor or administrator to properly fulfill their regulatory (SEC) responsibilities.

3) Order Management System

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating the order management system (OMS) 503, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The order management system is a computerized processing system with a graphical user interface (GUI) and associated software program(s) enabling the organization conducting the trading activity to maintain a real-time trade blotter for all their pending orders and executed trades. An order management system can comprise one or more of the following modules: portfolio modeling engine 1002, order entry 700, trade blotter 704, order routing table 705, and communications engine 504. The portfolio modeling engine 1002 enables a money manager to evaluate “what if” scenarios with the portfolio prior to implementing any trade orders. The trade blotter 704 enables real-time monitoring of all trading activity such as open orders 1003, cancel/correct orders 1004, and executed orders 1005. The OMS 503 enables the utilization of various trading strategies, keeping track of positions, P&L, order acceptance and release, sending IOI's (Indications of Interest), and amending orders. The order routing table 705 is a central database for maintaining the instructions for directing orders to selected executing brokers. The communications engine 502 is used to create data formats acceptable to other order management systems.

The order management system 503 also provides logical workflow solutions to assist in maintaining proper communication between the various front, middle, and back office functions and systems for allocations of large orders as well as keeping track of partial fills of trade orders. Finally, the order management system 503 utilizes market data sources 1001 and provides robust and flexible compliance, regulatory and audit reporting capabilities 1006, including NYSE Rule 123, OATs, ACT, Short Sale, and Limit Order Handling Rule reports, as well as capturing, time-stamping, and archiving all activity for timely reconciliation and trouble-shooting.

The order management system 503 functions as described in the following steps, which correspond to the arrows and their associated reference numerals shown in FIG. 10.

1020) The order management system 503 links with a plurality of real-time and batch market data feeds 1001.

1021) The portfolio manager utilizes the portfolio modeling engine 1002 to perform “what if” analyses for the investment portfolio and enters orders into the order entry module 700.

1022) The orders are recorded in the trade blotter 704.

1023) The trade blotter 704 enables views of the trade data such as open orders 1003, cancel and correct orders 1004, and executed trades 1005. (The compliance review process, as illustrated in FIG. 9, can occur at this point in the process, but is not shown.)

1024) The orders are sent to order routing table 705 for selecting executing brokers and receiving directions to those executing brokers 202.

1025) The order routing table 705 transmits the order to the communications engine 502, which translates the order into a format accepted by executing brokers 202.

1026) The order is routed to the communications network 502.

1027) The communications network 502 routes the order to the selected executing broker(s) 202.

1028) The executing broker(s) execute the order and send the trade fill report(s) through the communications network 502.

1029) The communications network 502 directs the trade fill report back to the order management system 503 and the communications engine 504 translates the order into a format used by the order management system 503.

1030) The trade fill report updates the trade blotter 704 with the details of the trade fill report(s).

1031) The trade report data is used to update the portfolio holdings for the order entry module 700.

1032) The order management system 503 submits transaction reporting 1006 to the appropriate industry transaction processing and reporting entities.

Importantly, in an aspect of the present invention, the primary responsibility for operating the order management system 503 for processing orders shifts from the sub advisor, who operated the order management system in the prior art, to the sponsoring organization.

4) High Touch-Low Touch Engine

The high touch-low touch engine is a graphical user interface (GUI) and associated software program(s) linked to a computerized rules-based logic engine that enables each buy or sell order (or combinations of buy and sell orders) to be analyzed in real-time, according to a set of customizable logical rules, to: (1) determine the expected market impact of an order and categorize an order as high touch or low touch; and (2) accordingly route the low touch orders for execution by the sponsoring organization and the high touch orders for execution by the sub advisor. In a preferred embodiment, these logical rules can be adjusted in real-time.

Orders are categorized as high touch or low touch orders depending on their expected market impact. For example, the immediate execution in the market of an order to buy 500,000 shares for an equity that currently trades 100,000 shares daily at $40.00 per share will almost certainly create an increase in the share price of that equity. As such, the large order could drive up the price of the equity by several dollars per share. Once the execution of that order is completed, the trading volume will likely return to its original 100,000 shares per day trading volume and the share price could return to the pre trade level of $40.00 per share. A possible result is that the purchasers of the 500,000 shares will experience an immediate loss on their investment. The phenomenon of driving up the share price through a very large buy order or lowering the share price through a very large sell order is referred to as “market impact.” It is usually desirable to “work” orders with significant expected market impact. By “working” orders, traders are able to utilize a variety of tools, such as institutional trading desks, trade algorithms, crossing networks, dark pools of liquidity, sending IOIs (indications of interest), and other such techniques (including manually watching the market for the appropriate times to execute small portions of the total order) to eliminate or reduce the expected market impact of a large order. The orders that require special handling (“working”) are referred to as “high touch trades.”

On the other hand, there may be situations in which an order represents a very small portion of a measure such as daily trade volume. For example, an order to buy 5,000 shares for an equity trading several million shares daily will have little or no expected market impact on the price of that equity. Once entered, such an order is transmitted, executed, and reported as the electronic systems and computers (also referred to as “black boxes”) communicate with each other with little or no human interaction. The orders with low or no expected market impact are referred to as “low touch trades.”

Finally, once an execution strategy is selected for a high touch order, the order may be broken up into several smaller orders that are executed over a period of time. These smaller orders may now qualify as low touch orders, as each individual order, when executed over a period a time, may now result in little or no market impact.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary high touch-low touch engine (HLE) system and process 1100, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The process 1100 works as described in the following steps, which correspond to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals shown in FIG. 11.

1125) The sub advisor 301, sponsoring organization 304, and board of trustees 1101 determine the rules for categorizing an order as high touch or low touch.

1126) The rules for categorizing an order as high touch or low touch are input into the trade routing rules database 1102. These rules can be changed in real-time.

1127) The high touch-low touch engine (HLE) 1105 utilizes the rules from the trade routing rules database 1102 to categorize orders as high or low touch orders.

1128) The high-low engine (HLE) 1105 incorporates a real-time feed of market data 1104 for use in analyzing and determining the expected market impact of an order.

1129) The portfolio manager 1103, using the sub advisor's order management system 503 SA, enters an order that is routed, via the sub advisor routing loop, to the high-low engine 1105 for real-time analysis and categorization as a high touch or low touch order. Although the high touch-low touch engine 1105 is illustrated as located within the unified trading and control system, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the high touch-low touch engine 1105 could be located elsewhere, such as at the sub advisor 301 or sponsoring organization 306.

1130) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 determines the expected market impact of orders received from the sub advisor order management system (OMS) 503 SA and categorizes orders with significant expected market impact as “high touch” orders 1106.

1131) The high touch order 1106 is further categorized as orders to be “worked” by a block trading desk, crossing system, matching system, dark pool of liquidity, or some other form of institution to institution trading system or exchange 1109. These worked orders are routed for review by the sponsoring organization's compliance engine 506 and, once approved, are ready for execution.

1132) As an alternative to step 1131, the high touch order 1106 is divided into a series of smaller orders 1108 by a trading algorithm or a set of manual decisions 1107.

1133) The trading algorithm or set of manual decisions divides the order into a series of smaller orders 1108 for execution over a period of time.

1134) Each of the smaller orders 1108 resulting from the original high touch order are re-routed to the high touch-low touch engine 1105 via the sub advisor re-routing loop.

1135) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 evaluates the re-routed smaller orders 1108 and categorizes the orders with significant market impact as high touch orders 1109.

1136) High touch orders 1109, from both the original and re-routed orders, are directed via auto routing 1110 to the sub advisor's order management system 503 SA.

1137) The sub advisor's order management system 503 SA receives the high touch order 1109 and selects the executing broker(s) 202.

1138) The sub advisor order management system 503 SA routes the high touch orders to the executing brokers 202 for execution.

1139) Once the orders are executed by the executing brokers 202, the trade fill data for the high touch trades 1106 is routed to the sub advisor order management system 503 SA.

1140) The sub advisor order management system 503 SA determines, when applicable, the allocation of shares for the sponsoring organization and routes the trade allocation data along with the trade fill data (for trades not requiring a special allocation) for the high touch trades to the sponsoring organization's order management system 503 SO.

1141) The sponsoring organization's order management system 503 SO routes the trade allocation data for the sponsoring organization's allocation of shares of the high touch trade and the trade fill data for the high touch trades (not requiring a special allocation) to the sponsoring organization's trade reconciliation system 1117. Steps 1130 through 1141 constitute the high touch order processing loop.

1142) Returning to steps 1129 and 1134, when the high touch-low touch engine 1105 receives orders from the sub advisor order management system (OMS) 503 (as either the original and re-routed orders) that it determines will have little or no significant expected market impact, the high touch-low touch engine 105 categorizes those orders as “low touch” orders 1111 that can be processed as “electronic” or “black box” orders, which computer systems can execute with virtually no human intervention. The “low touch” order can be either original orders or re-routed orders from the sub advisor order management system 503 SA.

1143) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 directs trades that do not require a trade rotation order to the sponsoring organization 304. For example, a single order for a single fund would not require a trade rotation order.

1144) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 routes trades requiring a trade order rotation to the trade order rotation engine 1112 in order to determine a trade order rotation between the sub advisor 301 and the sponsoring organization(s) 304 and 1116. For example, when an asset manager places a plurality of orders in a given security for execution across a plurality of investment portfolios, trade order rotation is required. Such trade order rotation is preferably random. The trade order rotation could be, for example, a defined procedure comprising random selection, sequential selection, or algorithmic random selection.

1145) The trade order rotation engine 1112 prepares trade rotation instructions 1113 for the sub advisor 301.

1146) The trade rotation instructions 1113 are communicated to the sub advisor's order management system 503 SA via auto routing 1110 (along steps 1146 a and 1146 b).

1147) The trade rotation engine 1114 determines the trade rotation order between a plurality of sponsoring organizations, such as the sponsoring organization 304 and any number of additional sponsoring organizations as represented by sponsoring organization (SO_(x)) 1116. The trade rotation order could also be determined as a single trade rotation order between the sub advisor 301 and sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116.

1148) The trade rotation engine 1114 prepares trade rotation instructions 1115 for the sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116.

1149) The trade rotation instructions 1115 are communicated to the sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116.

1150) The trade orders are routed to the sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO.

1151) The sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO routes the orders for review by the sponsoring organization's compliance engine 506 and, once approved, selects the executing brokers 202 and routes the orders through the communications network 502 for execution.

1152) The communications network 502 directs the orders to the designated executing brokers 202 for execution.

1153) The executing brokers 202 execute the trade and report the trade fills back to the communications network 502.

1154) The communications network 502 reports the trade fill reports back to the sub advisor's order management system (OMS) 503 SO.

1155) The sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO routes the orders to the sponsoring organization's trade reconciliation system 1117. Although, for clarity, FIG. 11 shows the trade compliance, execution, and reconciliation process (steps 1150-1155) only for sponsoring organization (SO 1) 304, the same or similar process would occur for the additional sponsoring organizations (SO_(x)) 1116. Steps 1142 through 1155 constitute the low touch order processing loop.

The high touch-low touch engine (HLE) 100 is unique in that it performs an expected market impact analysis and assigning of discretion over order execution and selection of executing brokers to different organizations utilizing real-time market data and customizable rules. The high touch-low touch engine's (HLE) automated, real-time capability does not exist in the prior art and represents a technology innovation in the system of the present invention.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the high touch-low touch engine 1100 enables the sponsoring organization to select the executing brokers and direct the pending orders for execution at brokers providing the lowest cost execution (consistent with regulatory requirements such as Best Execution). The result is that, in an embodiment of the present invention, the sponsoring organizations are able to direct order flow as to eliminate soft dollar costs and achieve substantial and recurring cost savings (and improved investment performance) for their fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries. The high touch-low touch engine 1100 would, under circumstances approved by the sponsoring organization, enable the sub advisor to assume discretion to direct trades to their selected executing brokers.

5) Price-Liquidity-Cost-Quality Engine

The price-liquidity-cost-quality engine is a graphical user interface (GUI) and associated software program(s) linked to a computerized, real-time and customizable rules-based logic engine that enables each buy or sell order (or combinations of buy and sell orders) to be analyzed, according to a set of customizable logical rules, to determine, through an optimization process, the most cost effective order composition in terms of one or more of share price, number of shares, execution cost or mark-up, expected price improvement, and execution speed. The output of the price-liquidity-cost-quality engine is a list of the executing brokers, share price, number of shares, execution cost or mark-up, expected price improvement, and execution speed for the sponsoring organizations and sub advisor to utilize in selecting executing brokers for their orders.

The price per share, number of shares and execution costs or mark-ups are based on actual data gathered through real-time market data feeds and inputs from executing brokers. The price per share and number of shares reflect current market data. The execution cost or mark-up per share reflects the real-time cost entered into the price liquidity-cost-quality engine by the executing brokers and can vary on a security by security basis and over time (as executing brokers adjust their executions costs or mark-ups to reflect their desire to accumulate, reduce, or liquidate their position in a security).

The trade quality analysis engine provides a real-time and customizable analysis of the historical and expected price improvement for each security, by executing broker, in an order. Currently, orders are executed at the National Best Bid and Offer (Ask) or NBBO. As such, an equity may be available to buy at $42.25 per share (ask or offer) and to sell at $42.00 per share (bid). The difference between the bid and offer (ask) is the spread ($0.25). As such, the ideal price point between the bid and offer is the Mid Point between Bid and Offer (MPBO). For this security, the midpoint between bid and offer is $42.125 per share. The trade quality engine performs a real-time analysis of the share prices and times of execution for recently executed trades to determine how close the share price for a trade was to the MPBO. The range of such a calculation could range from a trade occurring at a $42.125 (at the MPBO, which is a 0% effective to quoted spread.) (While it is possible, orders are rarely executed below the MPBO.) A buy order occurring at $42.25 or a sell order occurring at $42.00 is considered 100% of the NBBO and does not provide any price improvement, which equates to a 100% effective-to-quoted spread. Unfortunately, orders can also be executed above the spread (above $42.25 on a buy or below $42.00 on a sell). These transactions are considered “outside the spread” and, as a result, these trades have an effective-to-quoted spread that exceeds 100%. The effective-to-quoted analysis is performed for each order and the time period utilized for this analysis is customizable and performed for periods of time ranging from sub-seconds to minutes, hours, days, and longer, according to the desires of the user. This data is then utilized by an optimization engine to calculate the most cost effective group of executing brokers for the order. This data is then transmitted to the order management system of the sub advisor or sponsoring organization.

The quality data can also include factors such as speed of execution, which reflects the time that is required for an executing broker, upon receipt of the order, to complete the execution of the order.

Currently, the securities industry focuses on share price and liquidity (“best execution”) when determining the optimal order composition. The price-cost-liquidity-quality engine's capacity to factor in additional real-time and customizable factors, such as execution cost and expected price improvement, represents a considerable step forward in providing shareholders and plan beneficiaries with the lowest total execution cost in a routine and automated fashion.

FIG. 12A is a schematic diagram illustrating the price-cost-liquidity-quality engine's 1201 system and process 1200, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The process 1200 works as described in the following steps, which correspond to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals shown in FIG. 12.

1225) Sub advisors 301 and sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116 transmit their individual orders to the price-liquidity-cost-quality system through the graphical user interface (GUI) 1202 or through a data feed from their order management system 503 (not shown).

1226) The order is entered into the price-cost-liquidity database 1203.

1227) Executing brokers 202 utilize a graphical user interface (GUI) 1204 to enter the execution costs 1204 for orders into the price-cost-liquidity-quality engine 1201. The execution cost data 1204 can be changed on a real-time basis for each security.

1228) The execution cost data 1204 is incorporated into the price-liquidity-cost database 1203.

1229) Real-time market data 1205 is delivered to the price-cost-liquidity-quality engine 1201 and incorporated into the price-liquidity-cost database 1203.

1230) The price-liquidity cost data is incorporated into the execution quality analysis engine 1206.

1231) The system archive 1207 for the execution quality analysis engine 1206 provides realtime and historical data on the quality of execution, that is, the effective-to-quoted spread to the execution quality analysis engine 1206.

1232) The execution quality analysis engine 1206 combines the price-liquidity-cost data and the real-time and historical data and delivers the data to the order optimization engine 1208.

1233) The data 1209 incorporates the share price, number of shares available from each executing broker, execution cost or mark-up, broker identification, and quality of execution (calculated effective-to-quoted spread).

1234) The order optimization engine 1208 combines the lowest execution cost based on the price-liquidity-cost data and factors in the expected price improvement data to determine, through the optimization process, the most cost effective combination of executing brokers for the order. For this order, the most cost effective group of brokers combine for an execution cost of $69.00 with an expected price improvement resulting from an effective-to-quoted spread of 10% for 11,000 shares, 20% for 2,000 shares, and 25% for 7,000 shares.

1235) The order optimization engine 1208 routes the optimized executing broker combination to the graphical user interface 1202.

1236) The sub advisors 301 and sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116 (or any asset manager 201) utilizes the graphical user interface 1202 (or data feed) to review the optimized executing broker combination for that order for use in the order entry process 700 (not shown).

The price-cost-liquidity-quality engine 1201 is unique in that it performs a real-time computer analysis and subsequent assigning of execution costs and expected execution quality relative to current share price and liquidity offered by a network of executing brokers. This automated, real-time, and customizable capability does not exist in the prior art and represents a technology innovation in the system of the present invention.

Further aspects of a price-cost-liquidity-quality (PLCQ) engine (e.g., as disclosed in FIG. 12A and steps 1225 through 1236 above) are as follows.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a real-time optimization process that enables an initiating party to a securities transaction (such as a mutual fund company, institutional money manager, hedge fund, insurance company, pension plan, individual investor, etc.) to conduct a real-time optimization analysis for determining the “hot hitter” among executing broker(s) (and the optimal order among a plurality of executing brokers) expected to provide the lowest expected total execution cost for a securities transaction, inclusive of share price, liquidity, execution costs, price improvement, time to execute, and rate of change in the price of a security. This optimization also provides the optimal order among a plurality of executing brokers expected to provide the lowest expected total cost for the securities transaction until the desired number of instruments is bought or sold. As the initiating party to the transaction directs orders to the executing brokers with the lowest expected total cost for their securities transaction (and implements such an optimization process as part of a routine operating procedure for trading securities), the initiating party realizes significant and recurring cost savings that would not otherwise be realized in its securities transactions. An embodiment of the present invention is applicable to a single order or, in an alternative embodiment, to each individual order created through a trading algorithm that divides a single larger order into a series of smaller sub-orders. Indeed, the present invention is especially well-suited for optimizing execution of small orders.

For example, the concept of selecting the “hot hitter” in executing brokers has a logical resemblance to the process through which a manager of a baseball team selects a pinch hitter during the late innings of a close baseball game. The manager for a baseball team will examine all the relevant statistics among the players available for pinch-hitting duty. One statistic that is likely to weigh heavily in the selection process is the individual batting averages of the available players over the last five to ten games. A manager would be more likely to select to pinch hit, all other factors being equal, a player hitting over 0.300 over the last five games than a player hitting under 0.200 over the last five games. In the same manner, an initiating party would desire to send a securities transaction to such a “hot hitting” executing broker, as is made possible by the system and process of the present invention, which facilitate an optimization analysis and inform the initiating party of the identity and associated statistics of the “hot hitting” executing broker(s).

An embodiment of the present invention incorporates an optimization process analyzing real-time and recent data to determine the executing brokers who are the “hot hitters”—that is, the executing brokers providing the lowest expected total execution cost for a transaction in a given security at a particular moment in time (the time in which the order is ready for execution in the market). Given the nature of this type of analysis, the “hot hitter” (or “hit hitters” for larger orders) among executing brokers is likely to vary over time according to: (1) the individual security and the security type in the transaction; (2) the most recent trades in the security; (3) the time period utilized in this analysis; (4) the number of shares recently traded in the security; (5) the number of orders executed recently in the security; (6) the speed in which the share price of a security is moving up or down (the market velocity); (7) by buy or sell orders; (8) the order size; (9) the speed in which the executing broker can complete the trade (time to execute); and (10) other similar factors that impact the overall quality of execution for a securities transaction.

The result of the optimization analysis is that a given securities transaction (such as a buy or sell order) is analyzed according to real-time and recent market data including:

-   -   The most favorable quoted share price for the security;     -   The number of shares available from an executing broker (or a         plurality of executing brokers) at the most favorable quoted         share prices (liquidity);     -   The execution cost (usually in cents per share, although         sometimes basis points are utilized) posted by executing         brokers;     -   The recent price improvement provided by the various executing         brokers;     -   The speed of execution (time to execute) by the executing         brokers; and     -   The current rate of change in the price of a security.

As a final output, an embodiment of the present invention conducts an optimization analysis that incorporates the above parameters through real-time and recent data inputs and produces the executing broker or a list of executing brokers that provides the lowest expected total execution cost for a securities transaction. The embodiment of the present invention is a real-time process that strives to minimize any latency effect by utilizing: (1) the most current market data available with respect to shares prices, shares available and the executing broker; and (2) the fastest possible analytical process involving the market data. The result of this quest for speed and accuracy is that, before another party can buy or sell the desired shares, the party initiating the securities transaction is able to automatically route orders to the designated lowest cost executing brokers or, if such integration is unavailable, either electronically or manually upload the orders to another system capable of routing orders to these designated executing brokers.

The data for the most favorable quote for a security, for the quotes for the subsequent most favorable share prices (known as the depth of the market), and for the number of shares available per price from various executing brokers (liquidity) is provided through a real-time market data feed. There are numerous vendors providing this type of data.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the execution costs (usually cents and/or fractions of cents per share) are determined by the executing broker and communicated through a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables an executing broker to set and change prices on a real-time basis. (Execution costs could also be set contractually and not changed in real-time). Alternatively, the executions costs can be communicated through other means, such as through reports on paper. An executing broker's pricing could be determined by: (1) security; (2) groups of securities; (3) buy or sell orders; (4) orders that add or remove liquidity from their order books; and (5) size of orders. The execution costs can also vary according to the following mutually exclusive conventions, including: (1) listed or OTC securities; (2) domestic or international securities; (3) market or limit orders; (4) day or good-to-cancel orders; (5) orders executed by the broker or passed through to another broker for execution; and (6) other similar conventions.

The total expected execution cost can be customized based on the different types of orders, which types each affect pricing differently. For example, determining the total expected execution cost can be customized, in real-time, based on customized parameters such as whether the order involves listed securities or OTC securities, whether the order is domestic or international, whether the order is a market order or a limit order, whether the order is a good-to-cancel order or a day order, whether the order involves a large quantity of units or a small quantity of units, or whether the order must be passed through to another venue for execution (e.g., for regulatory reasons).

An executing broker, through the real-time capability to update execution costs, has the capability to respond to its business needs and circumstances through real-time alterations to its execution cost schedule. The result of any change is an immediate impact on the optimization analysis to determine lowest expected total execution cost for a securities transaction. For example, an executing broker who desires to liquidate excess inventory in a given security may lower the executing cost for an order or, alternatively, pay a rebate for order flow to the initiating party until such inventory has been sold. An executing broker could also acquire inventory in a security through a similar process of manipulating execution costs (or paying for order flow). In both examples, an embodiment of the present invention immediately incorporates the revised (more favorable) execution cost in the optimization analysis for determining the executing brokers providing the lowest expected total execution cost for a particular securities transaction, with the result that this executing broker will rise in the rankings of executing brokers providing the lowest expected total cost execution.

The executing brokers are enabled, through an embodiment of the present invention, to use a real-time marketplace for execution costs to conduct a wide variety of real-time sales strategies (such as discounts, inventory acquisition and liquidation, etc.) across a wide swath of securities in order to attract order flow to their company. This flexibility with respect to sales strategies enables the executing broker to more efficiently attract vital order flow to its organization. Order flow (the volume of shares directed to its organization for execution) is critical to the financial well-being of an executing broker, as order flow is a necessary pre-condition to generating revenues for its organizations. An embodiment of the present invention immediately and automatically incorporates the changes in their execution costs into the optimization analysis.

An embodiment of the present invention also incorporates a real-time calculation of expected price improvement in securities transactions. Such an analysis reflects the variation of share prices executed relative to the National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO).

FIG. 12B illustrates an example of a National Best Bid and Offer 1225 with a security trading at a National Best Offer (the price at which a buyer may acquire the security) of $42.02 per share and a National Best Bid (the price at which a seller may sell the security) of $42.00 per share. The spread (the difference between Bid and Offer is $42.02 less $42.00, or $0.02 per share (two cents per share)). Ideally, the spread (two cents per share) is retained by the executing broker (or exchange) as compensation for providing the service of executing the transaction (acting as a broker) between the buyer and seller of the security.

A buyer and seller of a security, in order to get the best possible share price (a higher share price for the seller and a lower share price for the buyer), will endeavor to obtain the closest possible share price to the Midpoint Between Bid and Offer (MBBO). In FIG. 12B, the MBBO is $42.01 per share. As a result, when a purchase of a security occurs at a share price lower that the National Best Offer ($42.02 per share in this example) or the sale of a security occurs at a higher price than the National Best Bid ($42.00 per share in this example), the corresponding benefit is referred to as price improvement.

In FIG. 12B, the MBBO is $42.01 per share and, in this example, a transaction price of $42.015 would represent a one-half cent per share price improvement over the National Best Offer of $42.02 per share. Obviously, such a difference is small on an individual share basis, but such a benefit has the potential to accumulate to significant amounts for a multi-billion dollar, actively traded investment portfolio over the course of a significant time period, such as a year or longer.

An embodiment of the present invention incorporates an analysis of the transactions executed by individual executing brokers relative to the NBBO on a security by security basis in order to determine what amount, if any, of price improvement was achieved by the initiating party (the actual buyer or seller of securities) to the transaction. A customizable optimization analysis examines the price improvement achieved in a security by each executing broker over data groups such as: (1) time periods in terms of seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.; (2) recent trades such as the last five, ten, twenty-five, fifty, etc. transactions; (3) recent trades such as specific volumes of shares traded; (4) buy or sell transactions; and (5) other similar such grouping mechanisms. Finally, the initiating party and the executing broker may negotiate an agreed level of price improvement for their transactions.

With such data on price improvement by executing brokers for a security, the financial benefit in terms of cents (or fractions of a cent per share) is calculated and incorporated into the optimization process for determining the executing broker providing the lowest expected total execution cost for a transaction in a specific security.

Overall, the price improvement analysis enables the initiating party to analyze and determine the executing brokers showing favorable price quotes and liquidity in order to determine the executing brokers that are the “hot hitters” with respect to price improvement. As stated earlier, the optimization analysis also responds in real-time to changes in execution costs as they are changed during the trading day by the executing brokers. The result is that the optimization analysis, to determine the “hot hitting” executing brokers with respect to price improvement (and execution costs), responds to actual recent performance in terms of price improvement by the executing brokers. In the event more than one executing broker provides the lowest expected total execution cost, then an embodiment of the present invention can allocate the shares among these executing brokers according to methods such as pro rata, an even division, or taking the shares from the executing broker offering the largest to the smallest number of shares. As such, the present invention creates a real-time accountability process for price improvement (and execution costs) that serves the best interests of the initiating party while simultaneously rewarding those executing brokers that provide the greatest price improvement (and lowest execution costs) by automatically directing significant order flow to their organizations.

An embodiment of the present invention also evaluates and ranks the time required to execute an order by the executing brokers. The time to execute for executing brokers (which currently range from milliseconds to multiple seconds) becomes an important factor in: (1) obtaining the most favorable quote (as other parties may step up to buy or sell the available shares at the most favorable quote); and (2) preventing the quoted prices from moving away from the initiating party (higher prices for a buyer and lower prices for a seller) in times of high market volatility or rapid market movement (such as often happens at the opening 30 minutes or closing 30 minutes of the market).

An embodiment of the present invention also evaluates and incorporates the rate of change in the price of a security (market velocity). As such, the velocity (the rate of change in the price of a security is moving) can become a disadvantage to an initiating party in the event when an order is entered for a security where: (1) the velocity is high; and (2) the quoted price is moving away from the initiating party's desired price.

An embodiment of the present invention determines and ranks the time required to execute an order for securities and order types by executing broker. These results are combined with the current market velocity calculations (the rate of change in cents per second per share of a security) to create an expected execution speed cost factor. The execution speed cost factor can be expressed as the market velocity (rate in change of price, e.g., cents per second) multiplied by the execution time (e.g., in seconds). For example, if a security's price is dropping at the rate of one-half cent per second and the executing broker requires two seconds to execute the order, the execution speed cost factor for this hypothetical buy order is one cent per share. Obviously, the execution speed cost factor becomes more important in times of high market volatility and less important in times of low market volatility. Still, an executing broker with a fast execution speed can expect to consistently rank higher than an executing broker with a considerably slower execution speed.

Overall, an embodiment of the PLCQ engine of the present invention combines the following factors in a real-time optimization process that utilizes real-time market data and recent trading history to determine the executing broker(s) that provides the lowest expected total execution cost:

P Price Lowest Share Price From Most Real-time Market Favorable Quote(s) Data Feed L Liquidity Shares Available From an Real-time Market Executing Broker at a Quoted Data Feed Price C Cost Execution Cost per Share as Input Real-time Entry by by an Executing Broker Executing Broker Q Quality Price Improvement Provided on a Calculated From Security by an Executing Broker Recent Trade Data Quality Execution Speed (Time Required Calculated From to Execute an Order) Recent Trade Data Quality Rate of Change in the Price of a Calculated From Security Recent Trade Data

FIG. 12C is an exemplary illustration of how an embodiment of the present invention operates with respect to real-time market parameters and three executing brokers (A, B, and C). The market parameters 1226 at the time an initiating party enters an order are as follows:

-   -   (1) The share price is $42.00 per share.     -   (2) The order size is buy 4,500 shares.     -   (3) The spread on the security (the difference between the bid         and offer) is one and one half cents ($0.0015).     -   (4) The security velocity (the current rate of change in the         price of the bid and offer) is one quarter of a cent per second         ($0.0025/second).

FIG. 12C also provides the executing broker parameters 1227 for executing brokers A, B, and C with respect to their following respective parameters: number of shares available at the quoted share price (liquidity); their respective cost per share to execute the order; their most up-to-date price improvement statistics (e.g., including executing broker A's trades executed outside the spread at 110%—a poor quality of execution); and time to execute an order.

FIG. 12C further provides the expected total execution cost per share 1228 for all available shares for each executing broker. As such, when utilizing the most favorable quote price and adjusting for execution cost per share, price improvement, and execution speed by converting these factors into cents per share, expected total execution cost per share can be calculated using the following exemplary formula:

Expected Total Execution Cost Per Share=share price+/−execution cost per share+/−expected price improvement+/−execution speed(time to execute the trade*rate of change in the price of the security).

The result of this calculation is as follows:

Executing Broker Total Execution Cost per Share A $42.0340 B $42.0025 C $42.0210

In different embodiments of the present invention, various weightings and probabilities could be assigned to the factors and the manner in which the factors (e.g., quoted unit price, current execution costs, expected price improvement, and expected execution speed) are combined and incorporated into the calculation of this formula. In one embodiment, total expected execution cost is customized based on customized input received, in real-time, from the party initiating the securities transaction. That customized input can include, for example, weightings, statistical analysis, probabilities, types of orders, and numerical parameters determining the calculation of expected price improvement and expected execution cost, as well as instructions as to how the factors are combined and incorporated into a calculation of the total expected execution cost.

FIG. 12D provides an exemplary illustration of the result of the optimization analysis with respect to the determination of the executing broker(s) providing the lowest expected total execution cost. FIG. 12D also illustrates how the choice of executing broker can vary according to three different selection methods: (1) liquidity—the executing broker(s) with the highest number of shares available; (2) broker execution cost—the executing broker(s) willing to execute the order at the lowest per share charge; and (3) expected total execution cost—which represents an embodiment of the present invention optimizing real-time and recent data on share price, liquidity, execution cost, price improvement, and execution speed in order to determine the executing brokers(s) providing lowest expected total execution cost for an order.

FIG. 12D shows that the executing broker selection 1229 and optimal rankings are as follows: by liquidity, the optimal broker rankings are A, B, and C; by execution cost, the optimal broker rankings are B, A, and C; and by total execution cost, the optimal broker rankings are B, C, and A.

FIG. 12D also compares expected total execution cost 1230 and calculates the cost penalties from using the liquidity method and/or execution cost method to select executing brokers compared to using the expected total execution cost method (an embodiment of the present invention). At a buy order of 2,000 shares, the cost penalty for the liquidity method is $53.75 and for the execution cost method is $6.50. At 3,500 shares, the cost penalty for both the liquidity and execution cost method is $13.00. Thus, even on a single small order, there are substantial savings to be realized in favor of the initiating party. These savings accrue to far more significant amounts when utilized by large fund groups trading several billion shares annually. The cost savings in basis points are shown below, which may provide a more meaningful measurement of cost savings:

Number of Shares Liquidity (bps) Exec Cost (bps) 500 7.50 0.00 1,000 7.50 0.00 1,500 7.50 0.00 2,000 6.40 0.77 2,500 4.24 1.24 3,000 2.28 1.03 3,500 0.88 0.88 4,000 0.39 0.39 4,500 0.00 0.00

The above savings begin to move lower as the liquidity in the example is exhausted. In essence, this phenomenon reflects the principle that, when all the liquidity is consumed by an order, the selection of executing broker becomes less important than in circumstances when an order consumes part of the available liquidity at quoted prices. Thus, the present invention represents an optimization of the small order execution process. In addition, the system of the present invention provides the capability to slice an order up among multiple executing brokers when the initiating party desires greater anonymity from the executing brokers, with the added benefit that the system of the present invention slices and routes these orders to multiple executing brokers in such a manner as to also minimize the total execution cost for the order.

FIG. 12E is an exemplary illustration of an embodiment of the present invention in which the optimal group of executing brokers providing the lowest expected total execution cost, when factoring in all variables, may not always utilize all the executing brokers providing the lowest quoted price for a security.

The market parameters 1231 and executing broker parameters 1232 in FIG. 12E are similar to FIG. 12C, except that they are shown for five executing brokers (A, B, C, D), and E) that are quoting liquidity at two different share prices ($42.00 and $42.02). The method for calculating expected total execution cost per share 1233 is identical to FIG. 12C, with the results as follows:

Executing Broker Total Execution Cost per Share A $42.0340 B $42.0025 C $42.0210 D $42.0290 E $42.0200

FIG. 12F provides an exemplary illustration of the result of the optimization analysis with respect to the determination of the executing broker(s) providing the lowest total cost execution, FIG. 12F shows that the executing broker selection 1234 and optimal rankings are as follows: by liquidity, the optimal broker rankings are A, B, C, D, and E; by execution cost, the optimal broker rankings are B, A, C, E, and D; and by total execution cost, the optimal broker rankings are B, E, C, D, and A.

FIG. 12F also compares expected total execution cost 1235 and calculates the cost penalties from using the liquidity method and/or execution cost method to select executing brokers compared to using the total execution cost method (an embodiment of the present invention). At a buy order of 2,000 shares, the cost penalty for the liquidity method is $54.25 and for the execution cost method is $7.00. At 3,500 shares, the cost penalty for both the liquidity and execution cost method is $27.00. At a buy order of 5,500 shares, the cost penalty for the liquidity method is $19.00 and for the execution cost method is $10.00. Again, even on a single small order, there are substantial savings to be realized in favor of the initiating party. These savings accrue to far more significant amounts when utilized by large fund groups trading several billion shares annually, as shown by the savings in basis points shown below:

Number of Shares Liquidity (bps) Exec Cost (bps) 500 7.50 0.00 1,000 7.50 0.00 1,500 7.50 0.00 2,000 6.46 0.83 2,500 4.33 1.33 3,000 2.88 1.63 3,500 1.84 1.84 4,000 1.37 1.37 4,500 1.00 1.00 5,000 0.90 0.69 5,500 0.82 0.43 6,000 0.65 0.30 6,500 0.51 0.18 7,000 0.24 0.08 7,500 0.00 0.00

FIG. 12F also provides an exemplary illustration that, under the lowest expected total execution cost analysis, executing brokers providing lower quoted share prices may drop in the optimized broker rankings while lower ranked executing brokers providing higher quoted share prices may rise in the optimized broker rankings to achieve the lowest expected total execution cost. Both types of events are a direct result of utilizing execution cost and quality considerations in determining the lowest expected total execution cost for the initiating party.

In providing a price-cost-liquidity-quality engine, an embodiment of the present invention preferably includes the following systems, services, and data:

-   -   Order management system (and/or execution management system).     -   Connectivity network between initiating parties and executing         brokers.     -   FIX engines for translating orders into a standard data         protocol.     -   Network of executing brokers.     -   GUI for executing brokers to establish and change their         execution costs in the PLCQ engine.     -   Real-time market data feeds.     -   Archive of market data on trade executions.

As a further embodiment of the system 1200 and price-cost-liquidity-quality engine 1201 shown in FIG. 12A, FIGS. 12G(i) and 12G(ii) illustrate an exemplary implementation of a price-cost-liquidity-quality engine 1201, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The actors include a system administrator managing the price-cost-liquidity-quality engine 1201, an initiating party for the securities transaction 1236, and a plurality of executing brokers 202 able to provide quotes and liquidity for the security in the transaction. The systems include a GUI (graphical user interface) 1202 for the party initiating the securities transaction and a GUI (graphical user interface) 1204 for the plurality of executing brokers 202 to establish execution costs, a real-time feed for current market data 1205, and an archive for market execution data 1207.

FIGS. 12G(i) and 12G(ii) also illustrate an exemplary process of the present invention having the following steps, which correspond to the reference numerals shown in FIG. 12G(i) and 12G(ii).

In step 1260 in FIG. 12G(i), an initiating party 1236 utilizes a GUI 1202 to create (or receive) an order 1250 to buy or sell a security.

In step 1261, utilizing the price-liquidity-cost database 1203, the initiating party 1236 requests real-time market quotes 1251 through a market data feed 1205 from a plurality of executing brokers 202, including share price and number of shares available (liquidity) for the transaction.

In step 1262, the initiating party 1236 requests data on execution costs 1252 uploaded through the execution cost GUI 1204 for the plurality of executing brokers 202 to establish and change, in real-time, execution costs for various securities. The execution costs are usually quoted in cents (and/or fractions thereof) per share. Execution costs can also be quoted in basis points on the transaction amount.

In step 1263, utilizing the execution quality analysis engine 1206, the system of the present invention conducts an analysis of price improvement 1253 according to the customized parameters established by the initiating party, to determine the price improvement (if any) provided by the plurality of executing brokers quoting liquidity for the security in the transaction. This analysis accesses the system archives 1207 for historical data for a plurality of transactions executed by a plurality of executing brokers 202. The results of the price improvement analysis are converted to cents per share.

In step 1264, the system of the present invention conducts an analysis of time required to execute an order by examining, for individual executing brokers, trade execution data to compare the time the executing broker received an order to the time the order was actually executed. This difference represents the execution time for the executing broker. The system of the present invention also examines real-time transaction data to determine the current velocity for the security (the current rate of change in the price of the security). The execution time data (in number of seconds and/or fractions thereof) is multiplied by the velocity of the security (the current rate of change in the price of the security) to determine the cent per share cost of the execution speed 1254 for the plurality of executing brokers 202 have executed a plurality of transactions.

Referring now to FIG. 12G(ii), in step 1265, utilizing the order optimization engine 1208, the system of the present invention combines the share price (e.g., in dollars and cents) offered by each executing broker 202 along with their current execution cost in cents per share, the expected price improvement in cents per share, and the execution speed cost in cents per share. The resulting total is the expected total execution cost per share 1255 for the security, in cents per share, for each executing broker 202 that is quoting liquidity (in numbers of shares) for the security in the transaction.

In step 1266, the system of the present invention ranks the plurality of executing brokers 202, for example, in order from the lowest total execution cost to the highest expected total execution cost 1256.

In step 1267, the system of the present invention, using the expected total execution cost, develops rankings 1257 to specify the executing broker 202 or plurality of executing brokers 202 and the order in which the executing brokers 202 should be utilized so as to ensure the lowest total execution cost is achieved 1257.

In step 1268, the optimized broker selection order is communicated to the initiating party 1236 through the GUI 1202 or the optimized broker selection order is implemented through the system of the present invention, through tangible output such as an electronic feed or upload of the executing broker rankings, or a manual conversion of the data into another system to route the orders to the desired executing brokers. The order routing can also be printed on paper or displayed in a graphical user interface.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the tangible output of the optimized broker selection order comprises issuing instructions to route all or part of the order for the current securities transaction to the executing broker having the lowest total expected execution cost. In addition, in some cases, more than one executing broker may have the lowest total expected execution cost. Accordingly, an embodiment of the method comprises determining a plurality of executing brokers having the lowest total expected execution cost, and issuing instructions to route the order for the current securities transaction among those plurality of executing brokers having the lowest total expected execution cost based on customized parameters. Customized parameters can include, for example, an even division among the plurality of executing brokers, a pro rata allocation among shares available, or an allocation based on the largest to smallest quantity of shares available from each of the plurality of executing brokers.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, the methods described above for selecting executing brokers are repeated, for example, to accommodate a large order that, if executed in one transaction, might undesirably impact the price of the security. Thus, for example, a large order can be divided into many small sub-orders executed at certain frequencies over a period of time. The methods for selecting executing brokers for an order can be repeated over time based on customized parameters determining the number, timing, and frequency of the repeated selection of executing brokers for an order. The customized parameters can, for example, include one or more of: (1) a specified interval until an order is completely filled or filled to a specified percentage; (2) a specified number of repetitions; (3) a specified time interval; (3) a specified duration; (4) a specified change in unit price; (5) a specified percentage within a target price; and (6) a specified unit price.

For purposes of description, the above system and process utilizes equity shares as the unit of trading. However, the system of the present invention could also be utilized across multiple forms of trading such as fixed income, options, futures, currency, commodities, derivatives, and other such instruments that utilize a standard category of unit (such as shares, units, bonds, contracts, etc.) for purposes of implementing an automated and efficient trading process.

As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, in addition to the components of (1) the share price multiplied by the number of shares and (2) the execution cost multiplied by the number of shares, the total transaction cost may also include charges for additional items such as confirmation delivery (“postage”), SIPC charges, and transaction taxes. These additional items have not been included in the above analyses in order to focus on the market-based factors in determining the total cost of a securities trade to the participants in the transaction. However, in a further embodiment of the present invention, the costs of these additional items are factored into the total execution cost.

6) Trade Reconciliation System

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a trade reconciliation system 1300, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The trade reconciliation system is a computerized trade processing system that functions in the back office system for the investment portfolios. The trade reconciliation system can comprise general ledger and accounting 1301, position manager 1302, and stock record 1303 modules. The position manager 1302 can comprise an auto cage 1304 that connects to clearing organizations 1305. The position manager module 1302 and stock record module 1303 support the trade processing module 1306 that provides commission accounting 1307 and trade processing 1308. The stock record also supports the purchase and sales module 1309, which incorporates data through external data providers 1310 and market connections 1311. The trade reconciliation system 1300 provides real-time, multi-currency trade settlement rules, trade comparisons, trade confirmation and affirmations, purchases and sales, trade exception processing, commission calculations, accruals, cash flows, and trial balances. In essence, the trade reconciliation system 1300 operates in an automated fashion through the incorporation of real-time and batch data feeds from a variety of different sources. In its simplest form, the trade reconciliation process ensures that: (1) all trades are properly accounted; (2) all trading, pricing, and processing errors have been identified and addressed; and (3) all accounts are in balance. At the conclusion of this process, the entire system is ready for the next day's trading activity.

In the prior art, the trade reconciliation process is the responsibility of both the sub advisor and the sponsoring organization while the balancing of accounts is the responsibility of the sponsoring organization. In an embodiment of the present invention, the responsibility for both the trade reconciliation process and the balancing of accounts shifts to the sponsoring organization.

7) Additional Systems

The system of the present invention can also include additional systems to support order execution processing. These systems include a communications engine to translate and direct all messages between the appropriate parties; a communications protocol for specifying message format as to eliminate confusion as to message content, instructions, and destination; and a communications network to connect all sub advisors, sponsoring organizations, and executing brokers with real-time, reliable, and scalable connectivity.

B. Process

In an embodiment of the present invention, the functional responsibilities, personnel requirements, system requirements, regulatory responsibilities, and data flows are dramatically different from the prior art. From a perspective of responsibility for the sub systems, Table 3 below illustrates how the operating responsibilities for the various systems change from the prior art to an embodiment of the present invention

TABLE 3 Operating Responsibilities of the Present Invention System Responsibility Prior Art Present Invention Order Entry Sub Advisor Sub Advisor Compliance Engine Sub Advisor Sponsoring Organization Has Compliance Option Order Management Sub Advisor Sponsoring Organization System High Touch - Low Not Applicable Sponsoring Organization Touch Engine Real-Time Automated Process Price - Liquidity - Not Applicable Sponsoring Organization Cost - Quality Engine Real-Time Automated Process Trade Reconciliation Sub Advisor Sponsoring Organization Communications Engine Sub Advisor Sponsoring Organization Communications Protocol Sub Advisor Sponsoring Organization Communications Network Sub Advisor Sponsoring Organization

With respect to the responsibilities of the sub advisor, there are substantial differences between the prior art and the embodiment of the present invention. These differences are summarized in FIG. 14. The unified trading and control system is flexible in its implementation in that trading responsibility for certain funds or portfolios, such as an emerging markets or micro cap stocks, may remain with the sub advisors (assuming the sub advisor has proficiency with these less liquid issues that the sponsoring organization may not possess.) Also, the money manager (or portfolio manager) may desire more control over the trading of specific assets or issues, the utilization of certain trade strategies or the direction of orders to a specific executing broker. The authorization of such exceptions remains with the sponsoring organization as the sponsoring organization can authorize those exceptions that benefit the fund shareholders or plan beneficiaries. Overall, in an embodiment of the present invention, there are multiple benefits for the sub advisor with respect to lower operating expenses, less operating and trade error risk and, of course, superior fund performance.

Finally, an important user group that must be comfortable with the system implementation of the present invention is the portfolio managers making the daily buy and sell decisions in the fund or investment portfolio. The system of the present invention addresses the portfolio managers' concern that their asset management process not be interfered with as new systems, processes, and procedures are implemented. The result is that the system of the present invention, as shown below in Table 4, addresses the concerns of the portfolio managers in a positive and comprehensive fashion.

TABLE 4 Portfolio Manager Concerns Addressed by the Present Invention Portfolio Manager Concern Unified Trading and Control System Performance Substantial, Recurring Improvement in Performance Control of High Touch Trades Remains with Sub Advisor (through high touch - low touch engine) Anonymity Enhanced as positions are held in multiple sub advised portfolios Latency Improved as automated process replace manual processes Chaos from Multiple Systems Standards create a single image across all sub advised accounts Trade Rotation Implemented by trade order rotation engine Order Entry Remains sub advisor responsibility Management Fees Not impacted by change in process Best Execution SEC Rule NMS mandates Best Execution on all trades

C. Rationale for Implementation of a Standard in the System of the Present Invention

An embodiment of the present invention provides a standard system comprising one or more of the following components: order management system (OMS), communications engine, communications protocol, and communications network. The standard for the system of the present invention provides simplicity, reliability, scalability, and cost effectiveness in contrast to the complexity, expense, and potentially chaotic processing caused a plurality of sponsoring organizations making individual systems decisions without regard to the burden that the plurality of systems and configuration places on their sub advisors and executing brokers. As such, the standard represents a single group of specific components for use by all parties, in which a sub advisor or executing broker implementing the system of the present invention with a single sponsoring organization is able to duplicate, as a “cookie cutter” type process, the initial implementation, inclusive of process, procedures, protocols, and connectivity, with each subsequent sponsoring organization that requires their implementation of the system of the present invention. The result is that the standard, as a single group of specific components for use by all parties, vastly simplifies the implementation process for all parties and creates a far more reliable, cost effective, and scalable system.

Currently, a single mutual fund company (such as AIM, Janus, or Oppenheimer.) may act as a sub advisor to ten to twenty different sponsoring organizations (usually managing between one and five funds per sponsoring organization). As such, a mutual fund company may manage twenty to sixty separate sub advised funds alongside their thirty to fifty proprietary mutual funds (and as many or more institutional and private accounts). A money manager at a mutual fund company making a single trade (such as: buy IBM) in a single strategy (such as large cap growth) could easily impact ten to twenty separate individual portfolios utilizing the large cap growth strategy. In order to simplify this vast complexity, the mutual fund company selects and utilizes a single integrated system to execute trades across all proprietary, sub advised, and private portfolios. This single system calculates the number of shares of IBM to purchase for each of a plurality of large cap growth portfolios and aggregates a plurality of share purchases into a single buy order. The single aggregated buy order and associated trading strategies are entered into the single system's order management interface. At that point, if the buy order is large, this trading and order management system may split the trade and direct portions of the buy order to a plurality of executing brokers to complete the buy transaction. These orders are communicated to their executing brokers through a single communications engine and communications network. The shares that are bought are later allocated among the various proprietary funds, sub advised funds, and institutional and private accounts according to pre-determined instructions. While this process may have disadvantages, it is clear that the money manager achieves a high level of automation and significant reduction in operating risk (and associated trading losses), as trading across a plurality of accounts is implemented through a single integrated system.

In comparison, the potential complexity of the various implementations of the system of the present invention reflects the following factors.

The National Association of Variable Annuities (NAVA), the variable insurance industry trade group, indicates that it has over fifty members acting as sponsoring organizations for their mutual fund, variable annuity, and defined contribution (401k, 403b and 457) financial products (see FIG. 15). The number of additional sponsoring organizations, such as private and public pension funds, easily adds several hundred more sponsoring organizations to the list shown in FIG. 15.

The Investment Company Institute (ICI), the mutual fund industry trade group, has over three hundred member mutual fund companies suitable to provide money management services to sub advised funds (see FIGS. 16A and 16B) and there are hundreds of additional institutional managers capable of functioning as a sub advisor to an investment portfolio.

There are also over forty providers of order management systems (see FIG. 17) and there are several hundred firms offering their services as executing brokers (see FIGS. 18A and 18B for a partial list).

In addition, there are over 75 companies offering over 115 different communications engines for trade order messaging, translation, and destination routing. These communications engines usually utilize a common industry communications protocol (usually the Financial Information Exchange format or “FIX”). However, each communications engine has its own unique “dialect” as to the specific implementation of the protocol. As such, despite the common industry protocol, there remain substantial challenges in the interoperability and ease of communications between the pluralities of communications engines. Finally, there are over 25 communications networks available for sponsoring organizations to utilize as their means of connectivity to sub advisors and executing brokers, thereby requiring each sub advisor and executing brokers to link as a node to each system selected by at least one sponsoring organization.

Given the plurality of sponsoring organizations (as shown in FIG. 15 and inclusive of additional sponsoring organizations such as mutual funds utilizing sub advisors, defined contribution plan sponsors, pension and defined benefit sponsors, and other user groups of considerable size), sub advisors (as shown in FIGS. 16A and B), order management systems (as shown in FIG. 17), executing brokers (as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B) along with the 115 communications engine with each utilizing a specific “dialect” reflecting its original time and purpose of creation, several communications protocols for messaging and 25 communications networks, the number of potential unique configurations of these organizations and systems is so overwhelming as to create such complexity and chaos as to prevent an implementation of the system of the present invention based on the well-justified concerns that any level of industry acceptance could result in unacceptable complexity, operating costs, personnel costs, order entry errors, trade processing errors, and associated reduced performance of investment portfolios. Given that the sub advisor is required to compensate an investment portfolio for all losses resulting from their errors of any kind, the likely result of an absence of a standard is the refusal by sub advisors to cooperate with an implementation of the system of the present invention.

FIG. 19 provides an exemplary structure 1900 illustrating the complexity created by a plurality of sponsoring organizations 304 deciding to implement the embodiment of the present invention without a standard system 1901. In this illustration, twenty-two different sponsoring organizations 304 select ten different order management systems 1901. The sponsoring organizations 301 utilize a total of forty-two different sub advisors 301 in their financial product or pension portfolios along with eight different executing brokers 202 (while in actual practice the actual number of sponsoring organizations 304, sub advisors 301, and executing brokers 202 would be considerably higher than the illustration in FIG. 19). Each sub advisor 301 is asked to move from a single system to a plurality of systems 1901 (as there are over forty systems available to a sponsoring organization as shown in FIG. 17) selected by each sponsoring organization. As a result, a single trade by a single sub advisor 301 may require order entry into ten or more different systems selected by sponsoring organizations. Such a process could be complex, chaotic, costly, and rife with errors. The associated expense for resolving the errors (as the fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries are not responsible for such errors and must be reimbursed for any losses) could make sub advisors 301 unwilling to implement such a process.

FIG. 20 illustrates the complexity of such an embodiment 2000 without a standard 1901 through a focus on the complexity facing a single sub advisor 301 managing nine proprietary funds 2001 utilizing a single system 1901 and nine sponsoring organization funds or investment portfolios for sponsoring organizations 2002 utilizing a plurality of systems 1901. The illustration demonstrates, even at the small scale of a single sub advisor, the inherent complexity and potential chaos of such an implementation without the use of a standard system.

Therefore, to reduce this complexity, an embodiment of the present invention provides a single standard. FIG. 21 illustrates the simplicity, ease of use, and efficiency resulting from an embodiment 2100 utilizing a designated standard single manager order management system 2101 for use by all sponsoring organizations 304 and sub advisors 301 (money managers). The standard system and single network node connection by a single party to all parties reflects a vast improvement in the operating reliability, costs, and ease of implementation and operation. As shown, a single system 2101 (e.g., in this illustration, a standard order management system, communications engine, communications protocol, and/or communications network; however, an embodiment could require fewer of the listed standard components) can be used as an easily and rapidly duplicated image used by sponsoring organizations 304, sub advisors 301, and executing brokers 202. A standard implemented through, for example, a designated order management system, communications engine, or communications protocol creates the leverage for allowing rapid industry adoption of the system of the present invention.

II. Exemplary System Components, Services, and Data of a Sponsoring Organization

In an embodiment of the present invention, the following systems, services, and data are preferably in place for a sponsoring organization's investment portfolios:

-   -   Custody firm to hold the securities and cash for benefit of the         funds and plans.     -   Daily net cash contribution or withdrawal per investment         portfolio—e.g., can be provided by the sponsoring organization         to the system administrator.     -   Security master data service.     -   Real-time quote service.     -   Best execution monitoring service.     -   Transaction cost accounting system.     -   Connectivity among the sponsoring organization, sub advisors and         executing brokers.

II. Exemplary Implementation of the Present Invention

With reference to FIG. 22, an exemplary system of the present invention is as follows. The actors include a system administrator administering the unified trading and control system 2200, a sub advisor 301 acting as money manager for the investment portfolios, a portfolio manager (money manager) 1103 responsible for making investment decisions for a fund or investment portfolio, a sub advisor trade/operations group 2201, a sub advisor compliance group 2202, a sponsoring organization compliance group (not shown), a sponsoring organization 304 controlling party for the assets and responsible for client books and records, a custodial firm holding all securities and cash (not shown), and executing brokers 202 as the parties to whom the buy or sell order is directed to be executed (filled).

The system includes a unified trading and control system 2200 including a portfolio modeling system 1103, an order entry system 700, a sub advisor compliance engine 506 SA, a sub advisor order management system (OMS) 503 SA, the high touch-low touch engine 1105, the trade order rotation engine 1112 and 1113, the sponsoring organization standard order management system (OMS) 503 SO, a sponsoring organization compliance system 506 SO, the price-liquidity-cost-quality engine 1200, the sponsoring organization's communications network 502, the network of executing brokers supporting the sponsoring organization 302, the individual executing brokers 202, and the trade reconciliation system 1117.

FIG. 22 also illustrates an exemplary process of the present invention having the following steps, which correspond to the arrows and their adjacent reference numerals shown in FIG. 22.

2225) Sub advisor 301 provides a portfolio manager 1103 for the fund or investment portfolio.

2226) Portfolio manager 1103 sends the trade order to the trade/operations group 2201 for order entry.

2227) Trade/operations group 2201 enters the order into the order entry system 700.

2228) As an alternative to step 2226 and 2227, the portfolio manager 1103 enters the trade order directly into the order entry system 700.

2229) The order entry system 700 routes the order to the compliance engine 506 SA for evaluating the order relative to regulatory and prospectus requirements and restrictions.

2230) If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the order is stopped from execution and routed for review by the sub advisor. The violation is also reported to the sponsoring organization compliance group (not shown) and to any or all of the sub advisor groups shown in steps 2231, 2232, and 2233.

2231) If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the order can be routed to the trade/ops group 2201.

2232) If a violation occurs (Violation Yes), the order can be routed to the compliance group 2202.

2233) If a violation occurs (Violation Yes), the order can be routed to the portfolio manager 1103.

2234) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the order is routed to the order management system (OMS) 503 SA, which, through the sub advisor routing loop, directs the order for sub advised funds or accounts to the high touch-low touch engine 1105. Although FIG. 22 depicts the high touch-low touch engine 1105 as located within the unified trading and control system, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the high touch-low touch engine 1105 could be located elsewhere, such as at the sub advisor 301 or sponsoring organization 306.

2235) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 determines the expected market impact of orders received from the sub advisor order management system (OMS) 503 and categorizes orders with significant expected market impact as “high touch” orders 1106.

2236) The high touch order 1106 is further categorized as orders to be “worked” by a block trading desk, crossing system, matching system, dark pool of liquidity, or some other form of institution to institution trading system or exchange 1109. These high touch trades are routed to the sponsoring organization's compliance engine 506 SO for pre-execution review and approval and, once approved, are ready for execution. (The sponsoring organization compliance review step is not shown).

2237) As an alternative to step 2236, the high touch order 1106 is divided into a series of smaller orders 1108 by a trading algorithm or a set of manual decisions 1107.

2238) The trading algorithm or set of manual decisions divides the order into a series of smaller orders 1108 for execution over a period of time.

2239) Each of the smaller orders 1108 resulting from the original high touch order is re-routed, via the sub advisor re-routing loop, to the high touch-low touch engine 1105. Step 2239 starts the sub advisor rerouting loop.

2240) The high touch-low touch engine evaluates the re-routed smaller orders 1108, categorizes the orders with significant market impact as high touch orders 1109, and routes these orders to be “worked” 1109.

2241) High touch orders 1109 are directed via auto routing 1110 to the sub advisor's order management system 503 SA. Although FIG. 22 depicts the high touch-low touch engine 1105 as located within the unified trading and control system, one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the high touch-low touch engine 1105 could be located elsewhere, such as at the sub advisor 301 or sponsoring organization 306.

2242) The sub advisor's order management system 503 SA receives the high touch order 1106 and selects the executing broker(s) 202.

2243) The sub advisor order management system 503 SA routes the high touch orders 1106 to the executing broker(s) 202 for execution.

2244) Once the orders are executed by the executing brokers 202, the trade fill data for the high touch trades 1106 is routed to the sub advisor order management system 503 SA.

2245) The sub advisor order management system 503 SA determines, when applicable, the allocation of shares for the sponsoring organization and routes the trade allocation data along with the trade fill data (for trades not requiring a special allocation) for the high touch trades to the sponsoring organization's order management system 503 SO.

2246) The sponsoring organization's order management system 503 SO routes the trade allocation data for the sponsoring organization's allocation of shares of the high touch trade and the trade fill data (for trades not requiring a special allocation) to the sponsoring organization's compliance engine 506 SO.

2247) If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the trade allocation data for the sponsoring organization's allocation of shares of the high touch trade is routed for review by both the sponsoring organization 306 and the sub advisor 301.

2248) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the trade allocation data for the sponsoring organization's shares of the high touch trade is routed to the sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO.

2249) The sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO routes the trade allocation data for the sponsoring organization's shares of the high touch trade to the sponsoring organization's trade reconciliation system 1117. Steps 2235 through 2249 constitute the high touch order processing loop.

2250) Returning to steps 2234 and 2239, when the high touch-low touch engine 1105 receives orders from the sub advisor order management system (OMS) 503 SA (as either the original and re-routed orders) that it determines will have little or no significant expected market impact, the high touch-low touch engine 1105 categorizes those orders as “low touch” orders 1111 that can be processed as “<electronic” or “black box” orders, which computer systems can execute with virtually no human intervention. The “low touch” order 1111 can be either original orders or re-routed orders from the sub advisor order management system 503.

2251) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 directs low touch orders 1111 that constitute an exemplary order for an exemplary find (and thus does not require a trade rotation order) to the sponsoring organization 304. For example, a single order for a single fund would not require a trade rotation order.

2252) The high touch-low touch engine 1105 routes trades requiring a trade order rotation to the trade order rotation engine 1112 in order to determine a trade rotation order between the sub advisor 301 and the sponsoring organizations) 304 and 1116. For example, an order involving several sub advisor funds and several sponsoring organization funds would require a trade rotation order. As another example, when an asset manager places a plurality of orders in a given security for execution across a plurality of investment portfolios, trade order rotation is required.

2253) The trade order rotation engine 1112 prepares trade rotation instructions 1113 for the sub advisor 301.

2254) The trade rotation instructions 1113 are communicated to the sub advisor's order management system 503 SA via auto routing 1110 (along steps 2254 a and 2254 b).

2255) The trade rotation engine 1114 determines the trade rotation order between a plurality of sponsoring organizations, such as the sponsoring organization 304 and any number of additional sponsoring organizations as represented by sponsoring organization (SO_(x)) 1116. The trade rotation order could also be determined as a single trade rotation order between the sub advisor 301 and sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116.

2256) The trade rotation engine 1114 prepares trade rotation instructions 1115 for the sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116.

2257) The trade rotation instructions 1115 are communicated to the sponsoring organizations 304 and 1116.

2258) The orders are routed to the sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO. This step is illustrated for an exemplary sponsoring organization 306 with a similar process implemented by all sponsoring organizations (SO_(x)) 1116.

2259) The sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO routes the order to the compliance engine 506 SO for evaluating the order relative to regulatory and prospectus requirements and restrictions.

2260) If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the order is stopped from execution and routed for review by the sponsoring organization's compliance group (not shown) and the sub advisor's compliance group 2202.

2261) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the order is routed to the price liquidity-cost-quality engine 1200, which examines the current market share prices, liquidity, execution cost, and quality factors such as expected price improvement (and execution speed) to determine the optimal combination of executing brokers providing the most cost effective execution options.

2262) The price-liquidity-cost-quality engine 1200 communicates the optimal cost effective order composition of executing brokers to the sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO.

2263) The sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO selects the executing brokers 202 and routes the orders for execution through the communications network 502.

2264) The communications network 502 directs the orders to the network of executing brokers 302 and to the designated executing brokers 202 for execution.

2265) The executing brokers 202 execute the trade and report the trade fills back to the communications network 502.

2266) The communications network 502 reports the trade fill reports back to the sub advisor's order management system (OMS) 503 SA.

2267) The sub advisor's order management system (OMS) 503 SA sends the trade fill reports back to the compliance engine 506 SA for post trade compliance review. If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the process as shown in steps 2230, 2231, 2232, and 2233 is implemented.

2268) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the compliance engine 506 SA routes the trade fill reports to the order entry system 700.

2269) The order entry system 700 provides the trade fill reports to the sub advisor's trade/operations group 2201, portfolio manager 1103, compliance group 2202, and the sub advisor's 301 business support systems.

2270) The communications network 502 reports the trade fill reports back to the sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO. The sponsoring organization also performs a post-execution compliance check through the compliance engine 506 SO. If a violation occurs (Violation=Yes), the process is implemented as shown in steps 2246, 2247, and 2248 and the sponsoring organization's compliance group (not shown) is notified.

2271) If a violation does not occur (Violation=No), the sponsoring organization's order management system (OMS) 503 SO routes the orders to the sponsoring organization's trade reconciliation system 1117. Steps 2250 through 2271 constitute the high touch order processing loop.

Overall, as shown by the various embodiments described above, the system and process of the present invention provide clear, substantial, quantifiable, recurring, and compounding cost savings and the resulting improved investment performance to fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries. The present invention provides a highly desirable social utility of considerable, recurring, and compounding shareholder and plan beneficiary savings. Indeed, a reasonably effective implementation of the embodiment of the present invention could easily benefit millions of Americans through substantially improved performance of their investment portfolios.

FIG. 23 shows exemplary projected annual savings, based on 2005 trade data, potentially generated by an embodiment of the present invention for a number of fund trusts in the variable insurance industry for average trade execution costs of 1.00 cent per share. Given that sponsoring organizations (as advisor for regulatory purposes) and the associated fund board of directors and plan investment consultants have a fiduciary responsibility to control (minimize) operating expenses, there exists a fiduciary obligation to evaluate and, if appropriate, implement any process (such as those provided by the system of the present invention) that provides substantial, recurring, and quantifiable cost savings and improved performance to fund shareholders and plan beneficiaries.

Furthermore, the savings to the fund shareholder and plan beneficiaries occur each year that the funds and accounts utilize the system and process of the present invention. Thus, these benefit of these savings compound and become increasingly more valuable over time. FIGS. 24A, 24B, 24C, and 24D represent a compilation of research for four popular fund trusts (groups of funds) with $38.7 BB, $12.7 BB, $6.7 BB, and $5.3 BB in assets, and shows exemplary total compounded shareholder savings and resulting improved investment performance, at an average execution cost of 1.00 cent per share, over a 1, 3, 5, and 10 year period. Such improved performance could, potentially, improve the decile (ranking by tenths) or quartile (ranking by quarter) performance ratings of these funds relative to their peers (who are not utilizing the embodiment of the present invention). Given that these investment portfolios are associated with personal goals for each fund shareholder and plan beneficiary such as a comfortable retirement, higher education, and improved health care, the social utility created by the embodiment of the present invention is potentially dramatic for millions of Americans.

For illustration purposes, portions of this specification describe the present invention in the context of variable insurance (including variable fund LLCs and registered investment companies (RICs), mutual fund, or pension plan market). However, as one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, the systems and methods described herein apply equally well to other similar markets, such as a sub advised mutual fund market, the defined contribution market, 529 plans, hedge funds, collective investments, deferred compensation plans, institutional accounts, separate accounts of insurance companies, defined benefit pension plans, endowments, and trusts. For that reason, and notwithstanding the particular benefits associated with using the present invention in connection with the variable insurance or pension plan markets, the system and method described herein should be considered broadly applicable to any market in need of centralized portfolio management, directed brokerage control, and/or direct and automated compliance monitoring by the sponsoring organization with primary regulatory responsibility for a given sub advised pool of assets.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, instructions adapted to be executed by a processor to perform a method are stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium can be accessed by a processor suitable for executing instructions adapted to be executed The terms “instructions configured to be executed” and “instructions to be executed” are meant to encompass any instructions that are ready to be executed in their present form (e.g., machine code) by a processor, or require further manipulation (e.g., compilation, decryption, or provided with an access code, etc.) to be ready to be executed by a processor.

In the context of this document, a “computer-readable medium” can be any means that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The computer readable medium can be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semi-conductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable, programmable, read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disk read-only memory (CDROM). Note that the computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory.

The foregoing disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many variations and modifications of the embodiments described herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the above disclosure. The scope of the invention is to be defined only by the claims appended hereto, and by their equivalents.

Further, in describing representative embodiments of the present invention, the specification may have presented the method and/or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims. In addition, the claims directed to the method and/or process of the present invention should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written, and one skilled in the art can readily appreciate that the sequences may be varied and still remain within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 

1. A method for selecting executing brokers to minimize an expected total execution cost for a current buy or sell order involving a desired number of units, the method comprising: receiving the current buy or sell order for a security; receiving, from each executing broker, in real-time, a unit price quote for the security, a number of units of the security the each executing broker has available at the each executing broker's quoted unit price, current execution costs of the each executing broker; for each executing broker, in real-time, determining, from recent executed orders by the each executing broker, a price improvement the each executing broker has provided in the recent executed orders to determine an expected price improvement for the current order, determining an expected execution speed cost for the current order based on a projected time required to execute the current order in the security by the each executing broker and a current rate of change in the unit price of the security during the projected time, and determining, using a computer, the total expected execution cost in currency per unit for the current order based on the quoted unit price, the current execution costs, the expected price improvement, and the expected execution speed cost; and determining an executing broker having a lowest total expected execution cost.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, in real-time: ranking the executing brokers from a lowest to a highest expected total execution cost for the current order; and routing the current order to the executing brokers from lowest to the highest expected total execution cost, until the desired number of units in the current order is realized.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising transferring the executing broker rankings representing the lowest expected total execution cost to the highest expected total execution cost to an external system for directing orders to executing brokers.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the units comprise one of shares, bonds, and contracts.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the currency per unit comprises dollars and cents per share.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving updated execution costs from the executing brokers on a real-time basis.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein receiving updated execution costs, in real-time, from the executing brokers comprises receiving information entered by the executing brokers through a graphical user interface.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the execution speed cost comprises multiplying the projected time required to execute an order in a security by the each executing broker by the current rate of change in the unit price of a security during the projected time.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the total expected execution cost in currency per unit for the current order comprises calculating a sum of the quoted unit price, the current execution costs, the expected price improvement, and the expected execution speed cost.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising issuing instructions to route all or part of the current order to the executing broker having the lowest total expected execution cost.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining a plurality of executing brokers having the lowest total expected execution cost; and issuing instructions to route the current order among the plurality of executing brokers having the lowest total expected execution cost based on customized parameters, wherein the customized parameters comprise one of an even division among the plurality of executing brokers, a pro rata allocation among shares available, and an allocation based on the largest to smallest shares quantity of shares available from each of the plurality of executing brokers.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the expected price improvement is customized, in real-time, based on customized parameters received from a party initiating the current order, and wherein the customized parameters comprise at least one of a specified time period, a number of trades, a number of units, buy or sell orders, and a negotiated level of price improvement with the executing broker.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the total expected execution cost is customized, in real-time, based on customized parameters comprising at least one of whether the order involves listed securities or OTC securities, whether the order is domestic or international, whether the order is a market order or a limit order, whether the order is a good-to-cancel order or a day order, whether the order involves a large quantity of units or a small quantity of units, and whether the order must be passed through to another venue for execution.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the expected execution speed cost is customized, in real-time, for the current rate of change in the price of a security and is based on customized parameters received from a party initiating the current order, and wherein the customized parameters comprise at least one of a specified time period, a number of trades, a number of units, and buy or sell orders.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the quoted unit price, the current execution costs, the expected price improvement, and the expected execution speed cost comprise parameters to determine the total expected execution cost, and wherein determining the total expected execution cost is customized based on customized input received, in realtime, from a party initiating the current order, and wherein the customized input comprises: weightings, statistical analysis, probabilities, types of orders and numerical parameters determining the calculation of expected price improvement and expected execution cost, and instructions as to how the parameters are combined and incorporated into a calculation of the total expected execution cost.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the current order comprises a first sub-order of a large order, and wherein the method further comprises repeating the method for successive sub-orders of the large order.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the method is repeated based on customized parameters comprising one or more of: a specified interval until an order is completely filled or filled to a specified percentage, a specified number of repetitions, a specified time interval, a specified duration, a specified change in unit price, a specified percentage within a target price, and a specified unit price.
 18. The method of claim 1, further comprising executing the current order.
 19. A system for selecting executing brokers to minimize an expected total execution cost for a current buy or sell order involving a desired number of units, the system comprising: an order computer processor that receives from an initiating party via a first graphical user interface a buy or sell order for a security; a price-liquidity-cost database that receives and stores, in real-time, for each executing broker, a unit price quote for the security, a number of units of the security the each executing broker has available at the each executing broker's quoted unit price, current execution costs of the each executing broker; an execution quality analysis engine that, in realtime for each executing broker, determines, from recent executed orders by the each executing broker, a price improvement the each executing broker has provided in the recent executed orders to determine an expected price improvement for the current order, and determines an expected execution speed cost for the current order based on a projected time required to execute the current order in the security by the each executing broker and a current rate of change in the unit price of the security during the projected time; an order optimization engine that determines, in real-time for each executing broker, the total expected execution cost in currency per unit for the current order based on the quoted unit price, the current execution costs, the expected price improvement, and the expected execution speed cost, and determines an executing broker having a lowest total expected execution cost.
 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the order optimization engine issues instructions to route all or part of the current order to the executing broker having the lowest total expected execution cost.
 21. The system of claim 19 wherein the order optimization engine ranks the executing brokers from a lowest to a highest expected total execution cost for the current order, and routes the current order to the executing brokers from lowest to the highest expected total execution cost, until the desired number of units in the current order is realized.
 22. The system of claim 19 wherein the price-liquidity-cost database receives and stores the unit price quotes, the numbers of units, and the current execution costs from market data feeds and from data entered by the executing brokers.
 23. The system of claim 19 wherein the execution quality analysis engine determines price improvement by accessing an archive storing historical data for a plurality of executed orders by the executing brokers. 